1.4594 Forgings
Open die forged rings, flanges, bars, discs, sleeves and shafts in EN 1.4594 (X5CrNiMoCuNb14-5) precipitation hardening stainless steel, forged to customer drawing in Jiangyin, China.
- Steel number
- 1.4594
- EN steel name
- X5CrNiMoCuNb14-5
- UNS
- S45000
- Type
- Martensitic PH stainless
- Melting route
- EAF + VOD + ESR
- Certificates
- EN 10204 3.1 / 3.2
Page updated .
1.4594 overview
EN 1.4594, steel name X5CrNiMoCuNb14-5 and UNS S45000, is a martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel. It contains about 14% chromium, 5.00-6.00% nickel, 1.20-2.00% molybdenum, 1.20-2.00% copper and 0.20-0.70% niobium. The steel is solution annealed at 1030-1050 C and then aged. In the double overaged condition it reaches 925-1090 N/mm2 tensile strength at 15% elongation. The molybdenum and copper additions raise pitting resistance above standard martensitic grades such as 1.4021 and 1.4057, so the grade is used for valve, pump and compressor parts in chloride bearing and marine service.
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. is an open die forging factory in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China. We forge 1.4594 to customer drawing: rolled rings, forged rings, flanges, round bars, discs, sleeves, bushings, tube sheets, shafts and spindles. Ultrasonic testing is to EN 10228-3, SEP 1921 or ASTM A388. Material is certified to EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2. Minimum order is one piece. Drawings go to sales@steelforgepieces.com.
- Tensile strength, double overaged
- 925-1090 N/mm2
- 0.2% proof stress
- 800 N/mm2 min
- Hardness
- 277-341 HB
- Density
- 7.8 g/cm3
1.4594 equivalent grades and standards
1.4594 appears on drawings under several national designations. The table lists the cross references we are asked to forge against.
| Standard | Designation | Note |
|---|---|---|
| EN 10088-1 / EN 10088-3 | X5CrNiMoCuNb14-5 (1.4594) | European designation |
| Werkstoff / DIN | 1.4594 | Material number |
| UNS | S45000 | Nominal cross reference |
| ASTM | XM-25 (14-5PH) | Custom 450 type |
| AFNOR | Z7CNU15-05 | French designation |
| British | FV520B / B.S. S143 | Closely related, ranges not identical |
| ISO | X5CrNiMoCuNb14-5 | ISO 15510 listing |
Cross references are nominal. Where the purchase order names a standard, we forge and certify to that standard and do not substitute a related grade.
Specifications we forge 1.4594 to
- EN 10088-3, bars and semi finished products
- EN 10250-4, open die steel forgings, stainless
- ASTM A182, forged flanges and fittings
- ASTM A484 / A564, PH stainless requirements
- EN 10228-3, ultrasonic testing of forgings
- NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156, sour service
Chemical composition of 1.4594
1.4594 is melted in an electric arc furnace with vacuum oxygen decarburisation and then electroslag remelted (EAF + VOD + ESR). ESR material is used for heavy sections where through thickness soundness is required.
| Element | Content % | Element | Content % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon C | 0.07 max | Chromium Cr | 13.20-14.70 |
| Manganese Mn | 1.00 max | Nickel Ni | 5.00-6.00 |
| Silicon Si | 0.70 max | Molybdenum Mo | 1.20-2.00 |
| Phosphorus P | 0.035 max | Niobium Nb | 0.20-0.70 |
| Sulphur S | 0.025 max | Copper Cu | 1.20-2.00 |
EN 10088-3 allows a wider band on some elements (Cr 13.0-15.0%, Nb 0.15-0.60%). We work to the ranges above unless the order states otherwise, and report the full ladle analysis on the material certificate.
Heat treatment and delivery conditions
1.4594 is hardened by solution annealing followed by ageing. In the EN 10088-3 condition codes the number is the minimum tensile strength in N/mm2, so a lower ageing temperature gives a higher strength condition.
| Condition | Solution annealing | Ageing | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| +AT | 1030-1050 C, air or oil | none | Solution annealed, age soon after annealing |
| +P930 | 1030-1050 C, air | 620 C, 4 h, air | Rm 930 N/mm2 min, highest toughness |
| +P1000 | 1030-1050 C, air | 580 C, 4 h, air | Rm 1000 N/mm2 min |
| +P1070 | 1030-1050 C, air | 550 C, 4 h, air | Rm 1070 N/mm2 min, highest strength |
Hot forming range is 1150 C down to 900 C. Furnace charts are issued with the certificate on request.
Mechanical properties of 1.4594
| Supply condition | 0.2% proof stress N/mm2 |
Tensile strength N/mm2 |
Elongation % min |
Hardness Brinell HB |
Izod J min |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary hardened 1050 C + 2 h at 750-850 C AC |
- | - | - | 293-341 | - |
| Double overaged 1050 C + 2 h at 750-850 C AC + 2 h at 750-850 C AC |
800 | 925-1090 | 15 | 277-341 | 54 |
Physical properties
- Density
- 7.8 g/cm3
- Modulus of elasticity
- 200 GPa
- Structure
- Martensitic, magnetic
- Hot forming range
- 1150-900 C
Properties vary with section size, forging reduction and test location. Send the drawing and we will confirm the property band for the part.
1.4594 forged shapes
All shapes below are open die forged or ring rolled to drawing. No die cost and no tooling lead time.
Forged rings and rolled rings
Ring rolled from pierced forged blanks, ultrasonically tested to EN 10228-3 or ASTM A388.
Forged flanges
Weld neck, blind, slip on, orifice, long weld neck and non standard flanges to ASTM A182 or drawing.
Forged round bars and blocks
Round, square, flat and stepped bar, rough turned or peeled, cut to length.
Forged discs and tube sheets
Solid and bored discs, closure blanks, tube sheets and cover plates.
Forged sleeves and bushings
Bored and trepanned hollow bars, hydraulic sleeves and wear bushings.
Forged shafts and spindles
Straight, stepped and flanged shafts, pump shafts, spindles and eccentric shafts.
Forged valve parts
Valve bodies, bonnets, stems, seat rings, blocks and nozzles for ball, gate, globe, check and plug valves.
Forged gears and wheels
Gear blanks, wheel blanks, manifold blocks and roll forgings for heavy machinery.
Forging capability for 1.4594
| Item | Range |
|---|---|
| Single piece weight | 5 kg to 20,000 kg |
| Rolled ring outside diameter | 200 to 3,000 mm |
| Ring height and wall | up to 800 mm height, up to 350 mm wall |
| Round bar diameter | 60 to 1,200 mm |
| Disc diameter | up to 2,500 mm |
| Shaft length | up to 8,000 mm |
| Forging ratio | 3:1 minimum, 4:1 on request |
| Minimum order quantity | 1 piece |
| Lead time | 25 to 45 days |
| Machining | As forged, rough turned or finish machined to drawing |
Sizes outside this range are quoted on request.
Applications of 1.4594 forgings
1.4594 is specified where a part carries load and sees an aggressive medium at the same time.
| Industry | 1.4594 forged parts |
|---|---|
| Valves | Valve bodies, stems, seat rings, blocks and bonnets for ball, gate, globe, check, strainer and plug valves |
| Pumps and compressors | Pump shafts, impeller hubs, sleeves, wear rings, compressor spacers and impeller blanks |
| Oil and gas, subsea | Subsea and deepwater production components, wellhead parts, air and nitrogen compressor parts |
| Chemical and petrochemical | Absorber tower internals, heat exchanger tube sheets, pressure vessel flanges, catalytic recovery systems |
| Pulp and paper | Digester parts, liquor tank fittings, paper machine shafts and rolls |
| Power and turbomachinery | Turbine and gearbox shafts, gear blanks, coupling hubs, power transmission parts |
| Marine and shipbuilding | Propulsion shafts, fasteners and deck equipment in marine atmosphere |
| Aerospace, nuclear, pharmaceutical | Highly stressed fittings, fasteners and process equipment parts |
Testing and certification
Ultrasonic examination
1.4594 rings, discs and shafts are UT examined to EN 10228-3, SEP 1921 or ASTM A388. The standard and quality class are set by the order.
Mechanical testing
Tensile, 0.2% proof, elongation, reduction of area, Brinell or Rockwell hardness, Charpy or Izod impact, from an integral or separate test block.
Chemical analysis and PMI
Full ladle analysis on the certificate. Positive material identification on the finished part on request.
Surface and dimensional
Magnetic particle or dye penetrant inspection and a dimensional report against the drawing.
Corrosion testing
Intergranular corrosion testing and NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 compliance for sour service.
Certificates
EN 10204 3.1 as standard. EN 10204 3.2 witnessed by TUV, SGS, BV, DNV or Lloyd's Register.
1.4594 compared with 17-4PH and 15-5PH
These three precipitation hardening stainless steels are often quoted against each other. The main difference is molybdenum content and how much chloride the part will see in service.
| Property | 1.4594 (S45000) | 17-4PH (1.4542 / S17400) | 15-5PH (1.4545 / S15500) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chromium | 13.20-14.70% | 15.00-17.50% | 14.00-15.50% |
| Nickel | 5.00-6.00% | 3.00-5.00% | 3.50-5.50% |
| Molybdenum | 1.20-2.00% | not specified | not specified |
| Hardening | Cu and Nb precipitates | Cu and Nb precipitates | Cu and Nb precipitates |
| Pitting resistance | Highest of the three | Moderate | Moderate |
| Toughness | Good, improves when overaged | Good | Higher than 17-4PH, lower delta ferrite |
| Availability and cost | Specialist, longer lead time | Most available, lowest cost | Widely available |
| Usual choice for | Seawater, sour or chloride service under high stress | General high strength corrosion resistant parts | Same duty as 17-4PH where transverse toughness matters |
Send the operating conditions, medium, temperature, chloride content and stress, and we will advise on grade selection before the drawing is fixed.
1.4594 questions and answers
What is 1.4594 stainless steel?
EN 1.4594, steel name X5CrNiMoCuNb14-5, is a martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel. It contains about 14% chromium, 5.00-6.00% nickel, 1.20-2.00% molybdenum, 1.20-2.00% copper and 0.20-0.70% niobium. The steel is solution annealed at 1030-1050 C and then aged. It has higher strength than austenitic stainless steels and better corrosion resistance than standard martensitic grades such as 1.4021 and 1.4057.
What is the UNS equivalent of 1.4594?
1.4594 is cross referenced to UNS S45000, also called Custom 450 or ASTM XM-25 (14-5PH). Other cross references are AFNOR Z7CNU15-05 and the British grade FV520B / B.S. S143. Cross references are nominal. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. forges and certifies to the standard and chemistry stated on the purchase order.
Is 1.4594 the same as FV520B?
1.4594 (X5CrNiMoCuNb14-5) and FV520B (B.S. S143) are closely related martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steels and are often specified for the same parts. They are published under different standards and the permitted composition ranges are not identical. If the drawing calls for FV520B, we forge to FV520B and certify against that standard.
What heat treatment conditions are available for 1.4594 forgings?
EN 10088-3 lists four conditions: +AT solution annealed at 1030-1050 C; +P930 aged 4 hours at 620 C; +P1000 aged 4 hours at 580 C; +P1070 aged 4 hours at 550 C. The number in the condition code is the minimum tensile strength in N/mm2. We supply 1.4594 forgings in any of these conditions or to a specified ageing cycle and hardness band.
What forged shapes can be produced in 1.4594?
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. produces 1.4594 open die forgings as seamless rolled rings, forged rings, flanges, round bars, square and flat blocks, discs, sleeves, bushings, hollow bars, tube sheets, shafts, spindles, valve bodies, valve stems and nozzles. Parts are forged from ESR ingot or billet to customer drawing, as forged, rough turned or finish machined.
How does 1.4594 compare with 17-4PH?
Both grades are hardened by copper rich precipitates. 1.4594 (UNS S45000) contains about 14% chromium with 1.20-2.00% molybdenum. 17-4PH (1.4542, UNS S17400) contains about 16% chromium with no specified molybdenum. The molybdenum in 1.4594 raises pitting and crevice corrosion resistance in chloride bearing service, so it is used for valve and pump parts in marine, subsea and chemical duty. 17-4PH is more widely stocked and costs less.
Which tests and certificates are supplied with 1.4594 forgings?
Standard scope is chemical analysis, tensile, hardness and impact testing, ultrasonic examination to EN 10228-3, SEP 1921 or ASTM A388, and a dimensional report. Magnetic particle or dye penetrant inspection, PMI, intergranular corrosion testing and NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 compliance can be added. Material is certified to EN 10204 3.1, or EN 10204 3.2 witnessed by TUV, SGS, BV or Lloyd's Register.
What is the minimum order quantity and lead time for 1.4594 forgings?
1.4594 parts are open die forged to drawing without dedicated dies, so the minimum order quantity is one piece. Lead time is normally 25 to 45 days from order confirmation, depending on part weight, material availability, heat treatment cycle, machining and third party inspection.
Who supplies 1.4594 open die forgings in China?
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. is an open die forging factory at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China. The factory forges 1.4594 (X5CrNiMoCuNb14-5) into rings, flanges, bars, discs, sleeves and shafts to customer drawing. Send drawings to sales@steelforgepieces.com or call +86-189-2135-9659.
Request a quotation for 1.4594 forgings
Send the drawing, or the rough dimensions, quantity and required condition. Quotations are normally returned within one working day.
- Manufacturer
- Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.
- Factory address
- No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town,
Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China - Telephone
- +86-189-2135-9659
References
Data on this page is taken from the standards below and from the production records of Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.
- EN 10088-1, Stainless steels, Part 1: List of stainless steels.
- EN 10088-3, Technical delivery conditions for semi finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products.
- EN 10250-4, Open die steel forgings for general engineering purposes, Part 4: Stainless steels.
- EN 10228-3, Non destructive testing of steel forgings, Part 3: Ultrasonic testing of ferritic or martensitic steel forgings.
- EN 10204, Metallic products, types of inspection documents.
- ASTM A182, A388, A484 and A564.
- SEP 1921, Ultrasonic testing of steel bars and forgings.
- NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156, Materials for use in H2S containing environments.