Alloy steel · Boiler and pressure grade · Material datasheet
WB36 Steel Forgings
1.6368 · 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4 · ASTM A182 F36 / A213 T36 / A335 P36 · VdTÜV 377/2 · BS 3604 Grade 591
WB36 is a bainitic nickel-copper-molybdenum steel, micro-alloyed with niobium, developed in Germany for high-pressure feedwater piping in conventional and nuclear power stations. Copper precipitation raises its strength enough to allow thinner walls than carbon steel such as ASTM A106 Grade C at the same design pressure. The thinner wall improves resistance to thermal fatigue and heat transfer.
WB36 at a glance
WB36 (material number 1.6368, EN designation 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4) is a bainitic Ni-Cu-Mo boiler steel micro-alloyed with niobium, used for high-pressure feedwater lines, boiler drums, headers and manifolds operating up to about 400 °C, with a maximum service temperature near 450 °C. It is specified in VdTÜV Material Sheet 377/2 and EN 10216-2, and appears in ASME Code Case 2353 as ASTM A182 F36, A213 T36 and A335 P36.
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. is an integrated melting and open-die forging works in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China. It supplies WB36 / 1.6368 forgings, including seamless rolled rings, flanges, discs, bars, hollow cylinders and valve components, in single pieces up to 30 tonnes and rings up to 6,000 mm outside diameter, certified to EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2.
- Steel type: low-alloy bainitic Ni-Cu-Mo, Nb micro-alloyed
- Material number: 1.6368
- EN designation: 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4
- Yield strength: 440 MPa min (+NT, EN 10216-2)
- Tensile strength: 610 to 780 MPa
- Max service temperature: about 450 °C
- Delivery condition: +NT or +QT
- PWHT after welding: 590 ± 30 °C
What is WB36 steel?
WB36 is a weldable high-strength low-alloy steel for elevated-temperature service. The base is a carbon-manganese steel carrying about 1.1 % nickel, 0.7 % copper and 0.3 % molybdenum, with 0.015 to 0.045 % niobium added as a micro-alloying element.
WB36 began as a steel-mill trade name, used by Thyssen and later by Vallourec & Mannesmann, with DIWA 373 as the corresponding plate grade. The composition was standardised in Europe as 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4, material number 1.6368.
In the normalised and tempered or quenched and tempered condition the microstructure is a tempered ferrite and bainite mix. Fine copper particles precipitate during tempering and raise proof strength by around 200 MPa over a plain carbon-manganese steel of the same carbon content. The gain holds at temperature instead of falling away above 300 °C.
Why power plants specify it
Feedwater systems in supercritical and ultra-supercritical units run at high pressure and around 300 °C. In ASTM A106 Grade B or C, those lines need very heavy walls. WB36 allows a thinner wall at the same design pressure, which affects the design in three ways:
- Lower thermal stress. A thinner wall develops a smaller through-thickness temperature gradient during start-up and load changes, so thermal-fatigue damage accumulates more slowly.
- Better heat transfer. There is less metal between the fluid and the outside surface.
- Less load on supports. Lighter pipe runs reduce hanger and structural loads, and cut welding time because there is less weld metal to deposit per joint.
Components below about 400 °C are normally designed on tensile properties rather than creep. Above 400 °C creep-rupture data governs, and the usable range ends at roughly 450 °C.
Points to settle at the design stage
The copper that provides the strength can continue to precipitate and coarsen over very long service, so ageing assumptions should be checked against the design code where the design life runs to decades.
WB36 reached ASME through Code Case 2353 rather than being written directly into Section I. Code cases are not accepted automatically by every jurisdiction or end user, so acceptance should be confirmed before ordering for an ASME-stamped assembly.
WB36 designations and equivalent grades
WB36, 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4 and 1.6368 are the same material. The table maps the trade name to the standards and national designations that appear on enquiries.
| System | Standard | Designation | Product form |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trade name | Vallourec & Mannesmann / Thyssen | WB36, WB 36 | Tube, pipe, forgings |
| Trade name | Plate mills | DIWA 373 | Plate |
| Germany | VdTÜV Material Sheet 377/2 | 15NiCuMoNb5 | Tube, plate, forgings |
| Germany | DIN / Werkstoffnummer | 1.6368 | All |
| Europe | EN 10216-2 | 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4 | Seamless tubes for pressure purposes |
| Europe | EN 10028-2 | 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4 | Flat products for pressure purposes |
| USA | ASTM A182 / ASME Code Case 2353 | F36 (UNS K21001) | Forged flanges, fittings, valve parts |
| USA | ASTM A213 / ASME Code Case 2353 | T36 | Boiler and heat-exchanger tubes |
| USA | ASTM A335 / ASME Code Case 2353 | P36 | Seamless pipe, high-temperature service |
| UK | BS 3604 | Grade 591 | Pipe and tube |
| ISO | ISO steel names | 9NiMnMoNb5-4-4 | All |
| Poland | PN-75/H-84024 | 15NCuMNb / K32Nb | All |
Cross-reference only. The ASTM F36, T36 and P36 designations reach ASME through Code Case 2353. They are not interchangeable with A182 F11, F12 or F22, which are chromium-molybdenum steels with different chemistry and different allowable stresses.
WB36 chemical composition
WB36 / 1.6368 is specified with a maximum of 0.17 % carbon, 1.00 to 1.30 % nickel, 0.50 to 0.80 % copper, 0.25 to 0.50 % molybdenum and 0.015 to 0.045 % niobium. Values are weight percent, ladle analysis, to EN 10216-2 and VdTÜV 377/2.
| Element | Min % | Max % | Function in the alloy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | - | 0.17 | Strength, kept low for weldability |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.25 | 0.50 | Deoxidation, solid-solution strengthening |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.80 | 1.20 | Hardenability, sulphur control |
| Phosphorus (P) | - | 0.025 | Residual, restricted for toughness |
| Sulphur (S) | - | 0.010 | Residual, restricted for toughness |
| Chromium (Cr) | - | 0.30 | Residual limit |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.25 | 0.50 | Elevated-temperature strength, temper resistance |
| Nickel (Ni) | 1.00 | 1.30 | Toughness, hardenability |
| Copper (Cu) | 0.50 | 0.80 | Precipitation strengthening |
| Niobium (Nb) | 0.015 | 0.045 | Grain refinement, micro-alloy strengthening |
| Aluminium (Al) | - | 0.015 | Grain-size control |
| Nitrogen (N) | - | 0.020 | Residual limit |
| Iron (Fe) | Balance | Matrix | |
Product analysis tolerances apply per the governing standard. Steel for these forgings is melted on site, so chemistry is checked at the furnace by optical emission spectrometry to ASTM E415 and confirmed on the finished forging by PMI rather than carried over from a purchased billet certificate.
WB36 mechanical properties at room temperature
In the normalised and tempered condition to EN 10216-2, WB36 has a minimum 0.2 % proof strength of 440 MPa, a tensile strength of 610 to 780 MPa and a minimum elongation of 19 %. Requirements differ by product form and by section thickness, so the governing standard for the ordered form applies.
| Product form and standard | Condition | Proof strength Rp0.2 | Tensile strength Rm | Elongation A | Impact KV (+20 °C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seamless tube and pipe EN 10216-2 |
+NT | 440 MPa min 63.8 ksi min |
610 to 780 MPa 88.5 to 113.1 ksi |
19 % min | 40 J min |
| Plate and flat product EN 10028-2 |
+NT | 420 MPa min 60.9 ksi min |
590 to 780 MPa 85.6 to 113.1 ksi |
16 % min | 40 J min |
| Plate and flat product EN 10028-2 |
+QT | 410 MPa min 59.5 ksi min |
580 to 740 MPa 84.1 to 107.3 ksi |
16 % min | 40 J min |
| Forgings, heavy section typical, thickness-dependent |
+NT or +QT | 405 MPa min 58.7 ksi min |
610 to 780 MPa 88.5 to 113.1 ksi |
19 % long. 17 % trans. |
41 J min |
Sub-zero toughness for flat products is normally 34 J minimum at 0 °C and 27 J minimum at −20 °C. Charpy testing down to −60 °C is carried out in the works laboratory. Lower temperatures are placed with an accredited third-party laboratory.
Physical properties
| Property | Value | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.85 g/cm³ | 0.284 lb/in³ |
| Modulus of elasticity, 20 °C | about 212 GPa | Falls to roughly 190 GPa at 400 °C |
| Microstructure | Tempered ferrite and bainite | With fine copper precipitates |
| Maximum service temperature | about 450 °C | Typical design below 400 °C |
| Weldability | Good | Preheat and PWHT required, see section 07 |
WB36 creep and elevated-temperature strength
Below roughly 400 °C, WB36 components are dimensioned on tensile properties. Above that, creep governs. The table gives mean creep-rupture and 1 % creep-strain strengths.
| Property | 400 °C | 420 °C | 440 °C | 450 °C | 470 °C | 500 °C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rz / 10,000 h | 402 | 368 | 328 | 304 | 242 | 147 |
| Rz / 100,000 h | 373 | 325 | 273 | 245 | 175 | 69 |
| R1 / 10,000 h | 324 | 306 | 281 | 265 | 212 | 108 |
| R1 / 100,000 h | 294 | 263 | 227 | 206 | 151 | 49 |
Mean values, for guidance. Strength falls steeply between 450 °C and 500 °C, which is why the practical ceiling is given as roughly 450 °C. Design allowables must come from the governing code, not from this table.
WB36 heat treatment and delivery condition
WB36 forgings are supplied normalised and tempered (+NT) or quenched and tempered (+QT). Normalising and austenitising are carried out at 880 to 930 °C, tempering at 580 to 680 °C. Tempering is the step that precipitates the copper and sets the final strength.
| Operation | Temperature | Cooling | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forging | 1,150 to 1,220 °C start 850 °C finish min | Air | Work the ingot, close porosity, develop grain flow |
| Normalising | 880 to 930 °C | Still air | Refine grain, homogenise structure |
| Quenching (for +QT) | 880 to 930 °C | Water or oil | Produce bainitic structure in heavy sections |
| Tempering | 580 to 680 °C commonly 600 to 650 °C | Air | Precipitate copper, set final strength and toughness |
| Stress-relief annealing | 580 to 630 °C | Still air | Relieve machining or forming stress |
| PWHT after welding | 590 ± 30 °C | Controlled | Temper the heat-affected zone, see section 07 |
Heat treatment at this works
Fourteen heat-treatment furnaces are installed on site. Car-bottom furnaces take work up to 8,000 × 2,000 × 2,000 mm for rings, discs and blocks. Two well-type furnaces, 15,000 mm deep by Ø1,500 mm, allow long WB36 shafts and cylinders to be quenched vertically without distortion. Every cycle is chart-recorded and the chart is issued with the certificate. No heat-treatment step is subcontracted.
Welding WB36: preheat, interpass and PWHT
WB36 is weldable, but preheat and post-weld heat treatment are mandatory. Preheat and interpass temperatures normally fall between 100 and 250 °C depending on wall thickness, and PWHT is normally carried out at about 590 ± 30 °C. Matching-composition consumables are not generally used. Compatible 1Ni-Mo and Mn-Mo low-alloy consumables are the usual choice.
| Parameter | Guidance |
|---|---|
| Preheat and interpass | 100 to 250 °C, set by wall thickness and restraint |
| PWHT | Required. Normally 590 ± 30 °C, hold time per thickness and code |
| Mill tempering range | 580 to 680 °C. PWHT must stay below the tempering temperature used |
| Typical MMA consumable | 1Ni-Mo basic electrode, AWS E9018-G |
| Typical TIG and MIG consumable | Mn-Mo solid wire, AWS ER80S-D2 or ER90S-D2 |
| Typical SAW consumable | 1Ni-Mo wire, AWS EF3, with a basic agglomerated flux |
| Hydrogen control | Low-hydrogen practice throughout, redry electrodes before use |
PWHT temperature must be selected against the actual tempering temperature recorded on the mill certificate. If PWHT approaches or exceeds that temperature, base-metal properties are degraded. Ask for the certified tempering temperature with the forging, and state the intended PWHT cycle on the enquiry so the tempering window can be set to suit it.
WB36 applications
WB36 is used chiefly for high-pressure, medium-temperature feedwater piping systems in conventional and nuclear power stations, in place of carbon steels such as ASTM A106 Grade B or C. Beyond feedwater lines, the grade is specified for the following.
Boiler drums and separators
Water drums and steam separators on supercritical and ultra-supercritical units, where thinner walls reduce start-up thermal stress.
Headers and manifolds
Feedwater and economiser headers, distribution manifolds, and the forged tees, wyes and reducers that connect them.
Pressure vessels
High-pressure feedwater heaters, shells, tube sheets and covers for the conventional island of nuclear plant.
Valve and fitting bodies
Valve bodies, bonnets, seats and seat rings machined from WB36 forged blocks and hollow bars, to A182 F36 requirements.
Steam generator parts
Nozzles, hubs and transition pieces operating in the high-pressure water circuit below 400 °C.
Chemical plant
Pressurised apparatus where the strength-to-weight advantage over carbon steel justifies the alloy cost.
WB36 forgings supplied by Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. forges WB36 / 1.6368 to drawing or to written specification, in single pieces up to 30 tonnes and seamless rolled rings up to 6,000 mm outside diameter. Steel is melted on site, so the certificate traces a WB36 part back to its melt number instead of stopping at a purchased billet.
Product forms in WB36
Seamless rolled rings
Rectangular and contoured sections, ring-rolled from a punched preform. Header rings, shell courses, flange blanks.
Forged rings and seat rings
Upset-and-punched rings for sizes and sections outside the ring-mill envelope, and valve seat rings.
Flanges
Weld neck, blind, slip-on, orifice, girth and long weld neck to ASME B16.5 and B16.47, to A182 F36 requirements.
Round, square, flat and hex bars
Forged bar stock and blocks, as-forged or proof-machined, as feedstock for machined pressure parts.
Hollow bars, sleeves and cylinders
Bored from solid forged blanks. Sleeves, bushings, barrels, casings, hubs and heavy-wall pipe sections.
Discs, tube sheets and covers
Solid forged discs, tube sheets, blanks and covers, supplied proof-machined for volumetric inspection.
Valve components
Bodies, bonnets, stems, seats, blocks and manifolds for high-pressure water and steam service.
Tees, wyes and fittings
Equal and lateral tees, T-pieces, Y-pieces, wye fittings and piggable wyes forged from solid.
Working envelope for WB36 parts
| Product | Limit | Set by |
|---|---|---|
| Seamless rolled rings | OD 50 to 6,000 mm | 6 m radial-axial ring mill, upset-and-punch below ring-mill range |
| Single-piece weight | 10 kg to 30,000 kg | 60 t maximum heat size, 6,300 t hydraulic press |
| Discs, tube sheets, blocks | to Ø5,000 mm machined | Ø5,000 mm vertical turning lathe |
| Shafts and long sections | to 14,000 mm turned length | C61160 horizontal lathe, 15 m well furnace for vertical quench |
| Bored cylinders and hollow bars | to Ø1,600 × 10,000 mm | CNC deep-hole drilling machine |
| Heat-treatment envelope | to 8,000 × 2,000 × 2,000 mm | Car-bottom furnaces, 14 furnaces on site |
Delivery condition
WB36 forgings are supplied as-forged with machining allowance, rough-machined to a proof-machined condition suitable for ultrasonic testing, or finish-machined to drawing. Standard surface protection is anti-rust oil. Painting, plating, polishing and black oxide are available on request.
Testing, inspection and certification for WB36
WB36 forgings are released against a documented route: melt analysis, mechanical testing on a representative test piece, non-destructive examination, dimensional inspection, then certification to EN 10204 3.1 as standard or 3.2 witnessed on request. The works holds CCS, BV, DNV, LR and NK classification-society approvals and runs its own laboratory.
| Test | Method and standard | Where performed |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical analysis | Optical emission spectrometry, ASTM E415. C and S by infrared, ASTM E1019 | In-house, at the furnace |
| Positive material identification | Handheld XRF alloy analyser | In-house, on the finished part |
| Tensile | ASTM A370 and ISO 6892, 600 kN and 300 kN machines | In-house |
| Charpy V-notch impact | ASTM A370, low-temperature bath to −60 °C | In-house |
| Hardness | ASTM A956, converted per ASTM E140 | In-house |
| Ultrasonic testing | ASTM A388 and EN 10228-3 | In-house |
| Magnetic particle | ASTM E709 | In-house |
| Grain size and metallography | ASTM E112 | In-house |
| Impact below −60 °C | Accredited laboratory, report issued with the mill certificate | Third party |
Traceability runs from melt number through forging, heat treatment and machining to shipment. Heat-treatment charts, NDT reports, dimensional reports and PMI records are supplied with the certificate. Customer audits, pre-shipment inspections and third-party witness testing at the works are welcome.
Request a quotation for WB36 forgings
Send a drawing or a written specification. Including the six items below in the first email usually gets a price back within two working days. Minimum order is 10 kg with no minimum piece count. Normal lead time for WB36 is 20 to 45 days, since the grade is melted in the electric arc furnace and needs no remelting step.
- Material grade or specification, for example WB36 / 1.6368 or ASTM A182 F36
- Dimensions, or a drawing in PDF, DWG, DXF or STEP
- Quantity and expected repeat volume
- Delivery condition: as-forged, proof-machined or finish-machined
- Heat treatment and testing requirements, for example +NT, UT to EN 10228-3, intended PWHT cycle
- Certification and destination port, for example EN 10204 3.2 witnessed by TÜV, Rotterdam
Email a WB36 enquiry Call +86 189 2135 9659
- Company
- Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.
- Plant
- No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China
- Telephone, WhatsApp, WeChat
- +86 189 2135 9659
- sales@steelforgepieces.com
- Business hours
- Mon to Sat, 08:00 to 17:30 China Standard Time (UTC+8)
- Export ports
- Zhangjiagang and Shanghai
WB36 frequently asked questions
What is WB36 steel?
WB36 is a bainitic nickel-copper-molybdenum low-alloy steel micro-alloyed with niobium, standardised as 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4 with material number 1.6368. It was developed in Germany for elevated-temperature, high-pressure service and is used principally for feedwater piping, boiler drums, headers and pressure vessels in power stations.
Its strength comes from fine copper particles that precipitate during tempering. These raise proof strength by around 200 MPa over a comparable carbon-manganese steel and hold that advantage at temperature.
What is the ASTM equivalent of WB36?
WB36 corresponds to ASTM A182 Grade F36 (UNS K21001) for forgings, ASTM A213 Grade T36 for tubes and ASTM A335 Grade P36 for pipe. These grades reached ASME through Code Case 2353 rather than being written directly into Section I.
Because it is a code-case material, acceptance is not automatic in every jurisdiction or with every end user. Confirm that the design authority accepts Code Case 2353 before ordering for an ASME-stamped assembly. WB36 is not interchangeable with A182 F11, F12 or F22, which are chromium-molybdenum steels with different chemistry.
What is the maximum service temperature of WB36?
About 450 °C. Typical applications are designed below 400 °C on tensile properties rather than creep.
Above 400 °C creep governs, and the creep-rupture strength falls steeply between 450 °C and 500 °C, from 304 MPa to 147 MPa at 10,000 h. That fall sets the practical ceiling.
What are the mechanical properties of WB36?
In the normalised and tempered condition to EN 10216-2: minimum 0.2 % proof strength 440 MPa, tensile strength 610 to 780 MPa, minimum elongation 19 %, minimum Charpy V impact energy 40 J at +20 °C.
Flat products to EN 10028-2 are specified at 420 MPa minimum proof strength in +NT and 410 MPa in +QT. Heavy-section forgings are commonly accepted at 405 MPa minimum proof strength with 19 % longitudinal and 17 % transverse elongation, since proof strength falls as section thickness increases.
Does WB36 require post-weld heat treatment?
Yes. PWHT is required after welding, normally at about 590 ± 30 °C, with preheat and interpass temperatures of 100 to 250 °C depending on wall thickness.
The PWHT temperature must remain below the tempering temperature actually used in manufacture, which lies between 580 and 680 °C. Ask for the certified tempering temperature with the forging and state the intended PWHT cycle at enquiry stage, so the tempering window can be set to suit it. Matching consumables are not generally used. 1Ni-Mo consumables (AWS E9018-G, EF3) and Mn-Mo consumables (AWS ER80S-D2) are the usual choice.
Why is WB36 used instead of carbon steel for feedwater piping?
Because it allows a thinner wall at the same design pressure. Feedwater lines built in ASTM A106 Grade B or C need very heavy walls on supercritical units.
A thinner WB36 wall develops a smaller through-thickness temperature gradient during start-up and load changes, so thermal-fatigue damage accumulates more slowly. Heat transfer improves, and the lighter pipe run reduces support loading and cuts welding time because there is less weld metal per joint.
What is the difference between WB36, 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4 and 1.6368?
They are the same steel under three naming systems. WB36 is the original steel-mill trade name, used by Thyssen and later Vallourec & Mannesmann. 15NiCuMoNb5-6-4 is the European standard designation used in EN 10216-2 and EN 10028-2. 1.6368 is the German material number.
The equivalent plate grade is sold as DIWA 373, the British designation is BS 3604 Grade 591, and the ISO name is 9NiMnMoNb5-4-4. Enquiries may quote any of these.
What WB36 forgings can Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal supply?
Seamless rolled rings to 6,000 mm outside diameter, forged rings, flanges, discs, tube sheets, round and flat bars, blocks, hollow bars, sleeves, cylinders, valve bodies and bonnets, tees and wye fittings, in single pieces from 10 kg to 30 tonnes.
Steel is melted on site in an electric arc furnace with ladle refining and vacuum degassing, forged on 6,300 t, 4,000 t and 2,000 t presses or rolled on 6 m, 3 m and 1 m radial-axial ring mills, heat-treated in 14 on-site furnaces, then machined and tested without leaving the plant.
What certification is supplied with WB36 forgings?
EN 10204 3.1 mill test certificates as standard, and EN 10204 3.2 certificates witnessed by a classification society or a third-party body such as SGS or TÜV on request. The works holds CCS, BV, DNV, LR and NK approvals.
Heat-treatment charts, ultrasonic and magnetic-particle reports, dimensional reports and PMI records accompany the certificate. Because melting is on site, traceability starts at the melt number rather than at a purchased billet.
What is the lead time and minimum order for WB36?
Normal lead time is 20 to 45 days from order confirmation, and the minimum order is 10 kg with no minimum piece count. WB36 is melted in the electric arc furnace and needs no vacuum arc or electroslag remelting step, so it sits at the shorter end of the plant's range.
Third-party witnessed inspection to EN 10204 3.2 and any testing placed with an outside laboratory need scheduling, so flag both at enquiry stage to have them built into the quoted date.
Standards referenced on this page
- VdTÜV Material Sheet (Werkstoffblatt) 377/2. 15NiCuMoNb5, the originating German specification.
- EN 10216-2. Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes, non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated-temperature properties.
- EN 10028-2. Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes, non-alloy and alloy steels with specified elevated-temperature properties.
- ASME Code Case 2353. Covering ASTM A182 F36, A213 T36 and A335 P36.
- BS 3604. Grade 591 pipe and tube.
- EN 10204. Types of inspection document, 3.1 and 3.2 certificates.
- EN 10228-3 and ASTM A388. Ultrasonic testing of steel forgings.
- ASTM A370 and ISO 6892. Mechanical testing of steel products.
Data source and revision
Technical data on this page is compiled from the standards listed above and from the manufacturing practice of Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., an integrated melting and open-die forging works operating in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China since 1997, employing 9 senior engineers, 32 intermediate engineers and 140 technicians.
Reviewed by the engineering department, 19 September 2026. The data may be reproduced with attribution to Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., steelforgepieces.com.
Values on this page are for material selection and enquiry purposes. Design allowables must be taken from the governing design code, and acceptance values from the purchase specification. Contact sales@steelforgepieces.com for a project-specific data sheet.