Chromium-molybdenum creep-resisting steel · Open-die forgings

1.7337 Forgings (16CrMo4-4, 16CrMo44, 17CrMo5-5, ≈ ASTM A182 F11 / F12)

• 1.7337
• 16CrMo4-4
• 16CrMo44
• 17CrMo5-5
• ≈ ASTM A182 F11 Cl.2
• ≈ ASTM A182 F12 Cl.2
• ≈ A335 P11
• ≈ A387 Gr.11
• ≈ GB 15CrMo
• ≈ GOST 15KhM
• ≈ JIS SCMV 3
• EN 10222-2

Published 18 May 2016 · Last updated 7 September 2026 · Reviewed by the Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal metallurgical engineering team

Short answer: what is 1.7337?

1.7337 is the EN 10027-2 material number for 16CrMo4-4, a chromium-molybdenum creep-resisting low-alloy steel of roughly 0.16% carbon, 1.05% chromium and 0.45% molybdenum. Older DIN documents write the same name as 16CrMo44, and several European mills catalogue it as 17CrMo5-5. Chromium provides oxidation and sulphidation resistance. Molybdenum raises creep-rupture strength. Together they allow a forged pressure part to carry load continuously at 500 to 550 °C, where plain carbon steel has already started to creep. Above 550 °C the oxidation resistance falls away and creep strength drops quickly, which is the practical ceiling for the grade. The steel is supplied normalised and tempered, or quenched and tempered. It is never supplied as forged.

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. forges 1.7337 / 16CrMo4-4 to customer drawings as seamless rolled rings, discs, tube sheets, flanges, shafts, sleeves, bushings, valve bodies, blocks and round bar. Standard delivery condition is normalised at 900 to 950 °C and tempered at 650 to 720 °C, with EN 10204 3.1 certification as standard and 3.2 third-party witness on request. Written quotations are issued within 24 hours from sales@steelforgepieces.com or 0086-189-2135-9659. The factory is at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China.

Material number

1.7337EN 10027-2

Steel name

16CrMo4-4EN 10027-1 · 16CrMo44

Nominal alloy

1Cr-0.5Mo1.05% Cr · 0.45% Mo

Density

7.85g/cm³ · 0.284 lb/in³

Tensile, min.

485MPa · 70 ksi (F11/F12 Cl.2)

Yield R_p0.2, min.

275MPa · 40 ksi

Service ceiling

550°C continuous · 1022 °F

Forge from

1100–850°C hot-forming window

Normalise

900–950°C, air cool

Temper

650–720°C, air cool

PWHT

690–750°C, 1 h per 25 mm

Certificate

EN 102043.1 standard, 3.2 on request

Figures above are published typical and specification values for screening. They are not design allowables. The standard cited on your purchase order sets the values that appear on the certificate.

What 1.7337 forged products can you buy?

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal produces 1.7337 by three routes, chosen by geometry and order size. Open-die forging covers shafts, blocks, discs and heavy sections. Seamless ring rolling produces rings, shells and cylinders, and it is the cheapest route whenever the part has a through hole. Upset forging handles short, large-section hubs, flanges and tube sheets. 1.7337 is an air-hardening steel, so every route ends in a controlled cool and a full normalise-and-temper cycle.

Every form above is supplied heat treated, machined rough or finished to your drawing, and certified to EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2. Send the finished drawing rather than a billet size. On a Cr-Mo pressure part, the choice between a rolled ring and a machined-from-solid disc usually moves the price more than any other decision on the order. There is a worked example further down the page.

What is 1.7337, and why does it exist?

Plain carbon steel works well as a pressure-vessel material up to roughly 425 °C. Above that it begins to creep. It deforms slowly and permanently under a load it would carry indefinitely at room temperature, and the allowable stress in the design code drops away sharply. Adding chromium and molybdenum corrects this at modest cost, and 1.7337 was standardised to occupy the first rung of that ladder.

The chemistry has three practical consequences.

• Molybdenum carries the creep strength. At about 0.45% it forms fine carbides that pin dislocations at temperature, so the steel resists the slow deformation that governs design above 425 °C. This is what buys the extra 100 to 125 °C over carbon steel.
• Chromium carries the oxidation and sulphidation resistance. At about 1.05% it is nowhere near a stainless steel, but it is enough to slow scaling in flue gas and steam and to resist high-temperature sulphur attack in refinery service. This is why the grade is standard in crude and vacuum unit piping.
• The steel air-hardens. A 1.7337 section cooled in still air from forging temperature forms bainite rather than ferrite and pearlite. That is the reason forgings get a controlled cool or an intermediate anneal, the reason welding needs preheat, and the reason post-weld heat treatment is mandatory in most codes. Ignoring it produces cracks.

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. forges the whole of this family at its plant in Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China: 1.7337, 13CrMo4-5, 10CrMo9-10 and the quench-and-temper grades 42CrMo4 and 34CrNiMo6. A project that needs several rungs of the ladder can therefore be consolidated onto one order and one set of certificates.

What are the equivalents of 1.7337?

Buyers meet this one steel under at least ten names, because it was standardised separately in Germany, the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan and China. All of the designations in Table 1 describe broadly the same 1Cr-0.5Mo chemistry, and we accept purchase orders under any of them.

Standards are cited by number only. Always reference the revision in force at your contract date, and cite the product-form specification, EN 10222-2 or ASTM A182 for a forging, rather than the chemistry alone.

What is the chemical composition of 1.7337?

Table 2 gives the usual specification band we buy raw material against, alongside a typical ladle analysis. Chromium and molybdenum are the two rows that matter most, since they are what the extra cost buys and they are the first rows to check on a certificate. The residual elements matter more than they appear to. Copper, tin, antimony, arsenic and phosphorus together drive temper embrittlement in Cr-Mo steel held for years in the 350 to 550 °C range.

For sour service to NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156, or for long-life refinery duty where temper embrittlement governs, add a J-factor or X-bar limit to the order. The J-factor, (Si + Mn) × (P + Sn) × 10⁴, is the standard control on Cr-Mo pressure forgings, and limits of 100 to 180 are commonly specified. Tell us the limit and we will buy the heat against it.

What are the mechanical properties of 1.7337?

1.7337 is used in two conditions. Normalised and tempered is the default for pressure parts and gives the values most specifications are written around. Quenched and tempered is used where a heavy section needs higher and more uniform through-thickness properties. Both end at a tempering temperature above any post-weld heat treatment the part will later see.

Two things about that table are worth setting out. The minima fall with section thickness, so a 500 mm ruling section will not reach the same core properties as a 100 mm one from the same heat. Test-piece location and orientation therefore belong on the order rather than being settled at certificate stage. The hardness band is also an acceptance requirement in its own right. For A182 F11 Class 2 the band is 143 to 207 HBW, and for sour service the ceiling drops to 22 HRC, roughly 237 HBW and tighter in practice. Over-tempering to hit a hardness ceiling costs yield strength, so the two requirements have to be reconciled before the heat-treatment cycle is set.

Impact toughness

Charpy V-notch testing is normal on 1.7337 pressure forgings and is required by most European vessel codes. Typical acceptance is 27 J average at 0 °C or −20 °C over three specimens, with a stated minimum single value. The temperature and energy come from the design code and the minimum design metal temperature, so state both on the order. If the vessel will operate for decades in the 350 to 550 °C range, consider adding a step-cooling test to demonstrate resistance to temper embrittlement. This is standard practice on refinery reactor forgings.

Elevated-temperature and creep behaviour

Above roughly 425 °C the governing property is creep-rupture strength rather than yield strength. Design against the time-dependent allowable stress in your construction code, ASME II Part D, EN 13445-3 or EN 12952, and not against any tensile figure on this page. As a screening guide, 1.7337 retains useful rupture strength through 500 to 550 °C and loses it quickly above that. Yield and tensile both fall progressively with temperature. Expect roughly two thirds of room-temperature yield at 450 °C and around half at 550 °C.

What are the physical properties of 1.7337?

How hot can a 1.7337 part run?

Enquiries often confuse three separate limits.

Below about 400 °C there is normally no reason to buy 1.7337. A carbon steel forging to ASTM A105 or EN P280GH will be cheaper, easier to weld and free of mandatory PWHT. If a drawing calls for 1.7337 at 200 °C, check whether the temperature was ever real or was carried over from a legacy print.

1.7337 vs 13CrMo4-5, 10CrMo9-10, 42CrMo4 and carbon steel

Most enquiries come down to one of four comparisons. 1.7337 is chosen over carbon steel for sustained service above 425 °C. It is chosen over 13CrMo4-5 when the section is heavy and strength matters more than weldability. It is chosen below 10CrMo9-10 whenever 550 °C is enough. It is not a substitute for 42CrMo4, which is a quench-and-temper structural grade with no creep pedigree, however similar the molybdenum content looks on paper.

Questions to settle before the grade is fixed

1. What is the real metal temperature, and for how long? A design temperature copied from a datasheet is not a metal temperature. If the answer is under 425 °C, carbon steel is almost certainly the right answer.
2. Is there hydrogen in the stream? If so, the Nelson curve in API 941 governs rather than creep. 1.7337 can be excluded at a temperature and partial pressure where its creep strength is still perfectly adequate.
3. How much welding will the part see? Heavily welded thin-wall assemblies favour 13CrMo4-5 for its lower carbon. Heavy forged sections with a few weld preps favour 1.7337 for its higher strength.
4. What PWHT will the fabricator apply? This sets the tempering temperature on the forging, and it is the item most often missing from an enquiry.

How is 1.7337 forged and heat treated?

1.7337 is straightforward to forge and unforgiving about cooling. The hot-working window of 1100 to 850 °C is wide enough to be comfortable. What catches people out is what happens afterwards. The steel air-hardens, so a heavy section left to cool in the yard forms hard bainite, builds residual stress, and can crack days later. The route below is built around that.

1. Raw materialElectric arc furnace steel with ladle refining and vacuum degassing. Heat number traced, ladle analysis verified against 16CrMo4-4 before the billet is released to the forge shop. J-factor and residual limits are applied at this stage if the order carries them.
2. SoakCharge and hold at 1150 to 1200 °C long enough to bring the whole section to temperature rather than just the surface. Roughly one hour per 100 mm of ruling section is a starting rule.
3. ForgeHot work between 1100 and 850 °C, aiming for a forging reduction ratio of at least 3:1 to break down the cast structure. Reheat rather than continue deforming a billet that has dropped below 850 °C.
4. Controlled cool or intermediate annealSlow cool, or anneal at 650 to 720 °C with furnace cooling. This is the step that gets skipped in cheap shops, and it is why heavy Cr-Mo forgings crack in the yard.
5. NormaliseAustenitise at 900 to 950 °C and cool in still air, refining the forged grain structure. Quench in oil from the same temperature instead where the order calls for quench-and-temper properties in a heavy section.
6. Temper650 to 720 °C, air cool. Hold roughly one hour per 25 mm of ruling section, two hours minimum. Temper above the highest PWHT the part will later see, or the fabricator's PWHT will soften the forging below its certified properties.
7. MachineRough or finish machine to drawing. Leave stock where a fabrication PWHT will follow, since the part will move.
8. Test and examineTensile to ASTM E8 or ISO 6892-1, Charpy V-notch to ASTM E23 or ISO 148, Brinell hardness survey, ultrasonic examination to EN 10228-3 or ASTM A388, magnetic particle to ASTM E709 or ISO 9934.
9. Certify and shipEN 10204 3.1 as standard, 3.2 with third-party witness. Marked with heat number, specification, condition and drawing number, then preserved and packed.

Welding, machining and forming 1.7337

Welding

1.7337 is readily weldable by shielded metal arc, gas tungsten arc, gas metal arc and submerged arc processes, provided preheat, interpass control and post-weld heat treatment are applied. Without them the failure mode is hydrogen-assisted cold cracking in the heat-affected zone, which typically appears hours after the weld has cooled.

Machining

Machining is unremarkable and much easier than a stainless or nickel alloy. In the normalised-and-tempered condition around 160 to 200 HBW, 1.7337 machines close to a medium-carbon alloy steel: carbide tooling, moderate speeds, generous feed, flood coolant. Two points are specific to the grade. An as-forged or improperly cooled section can contain untempered bainite well above 300 HBW, which will destroy tooling, so always machine after heat treatment. Heavy sections also move during a fabrication PWHT, so leave finishing stock on anything that will be stress-relieved after machining.

Forming and bending

Hot forming is done in the 1100 to 850 °C window, followed by a full re-normalise and temper. Cold forming is possible on light sections but introduces residual stress that has to be relieved at 650 to 700 °C. Do not cold-form and leave it. In an air-hardening Cr-Mo steel that is a delayed-cracking mechanism.

How do 1.7337 parts fail, and how do you prevent it?

What can Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal forge in 1.7337?

1.7337 is a stock chemistry for us rather than a made-to-order exotic, so lead times are shorter than for the nickel and cobalt grades on this site. Section size, the heat-treatment cycle and the examination regime set the schedule. Raw-material procurement rarely does.

Diameter range

80–6,000mm

Single-piece weight

10–15,000kg

Shaft length

≤ 8,000mm

Bar diameter

80–1,200mm

Tube sheet / disc

≤ 4,000mm diameter

Reduction ratio

≥ 3:1higher on request

Condition

N+T or Q+T900–950 °C / 650–720 °C

Lead time

6–12weeks typical

Equipment used on this grade

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. employs approximately 460 people, including 9 senior engineers and 32 intermediate engineers, at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China. Raw material, forging, heat treatment, machining, testing and inspection are all carried out on one site, which is why a single certificate can cover the whole route.

Which standards and certificates apply to 1.7337 forgings?

Quality management is certified to ISO 9001:2015. Material is supplied with EN 10204 3.1 certification as standard, documenting chemical analysis, mechanical properties, hardness, heat-treatment record, forging reduction ratio, grain size and non-destructive examination results. EN 10204 3.2 with third-party witness is issued through the inspection body you nominate: Lloyd's Register, DNV, Bureau Veritas, ABS, TÜV or SGS. Customers keep an unrestricted right to witness any production stage, including chemistry, forging, heat treatment and mechanical testing.

How do you specify a 1.7337 forging order?

1. Name the material and the product-form standard together. Write 1.7337 / 16CrMo4-4 to EN 10222-2, or ASTM A182 F11 Class 2. Chemistry alone does not define an acceptance test.
2. State the delivery condition. Normalised and tempered, or quenched and tempered. Give the tempering temperature range if your PWHT plan constrains it.
3. Give the planned fabrication PWHT. Temperature and hold time. This sets our tempering temperature and tells us whether to simulate the PWHT on the test coupons. It is the most useful single line on a Cr-Mo purchase order.
4. Define the test-piece location and orientation. On sections above 100 mm, say whether tensile and impact tests are longitudinal, tangential or short-transverse, and at what depth.
5. Set the impact requirement. Energy, temperature and number of specimens, taken from the design code and the minimum design metal temperature.
6. Define NDE and the acceptance class. For example, UT per EN 10228-3 quality class 3, or UT per ASTM A388 with acceptance to the purchase order. An unqualified "ultrasonic test" is not a specification.
7. Add residual-element limits if the service is long or sour. J-factor maximum, X-bar maximum, hardness ceiling to NACE MR0175, step-cooling test.
8. State the certificate type, quantity, date, Incoterm and destination. EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2, and which inspection body if 3.2.

Drawing callout you can copy

MATERIAL:      1.7337 / 16CrMo4-4  (also 16CrMo44, 17CrMo5-5)
               Cross-certify to ASTM A182 F11 Cl.2 if required by the PO
SPECIFICATION: EN 10222-2, revision per contract date
               (or ASTM A182/A182M, latest revision)
CONDITION:     Normalised 900-950 deg C, air cool
               Tempered 650-720 deg C, air cool
               Tempering temp. to exceed fabrication PWHT by 30 deg C min.
CHEMISTRY:     Report all elements. J-factor (Si+Mn)(P+Sn) x 10^4 <= 180
FORGING:       Reduction ratio 3:1 minimum, reported on certificate
TENSILE:       Rm >= 485 MPa, Rp0.2 >= 275 MPa, A >= 20%, Z >= 30%
HARDNESS:      143-207 HBW  (<= 22 HRC if NACE MR0175 applies)
IMPACT:        Charpy V-notch, 27 J average at ____ deg C, 3 specimens
TEST PIECES:   ____ orientation at ____ depth; state simulated PWHT
               cycle if the coupons are to be heat treated with the part
NDE:           UT per EN 10228-3 quality class 3 (or ASTM A388)
               MT per ASTM E709, delayed 48 h after any welding
CERTIFICATE:   EN 10204 3.1  (3.2 with third-party witness if stated)
MARKING:       Heat number, specification, condition, drawing number,
               low-stress stamped or vibro-etched

Seven mistakes buyers make with 1.7337

1. Not telling the forger the fabrication PWHT. The most expensive mistake on this grade. A forging tempered at 660 °C and then given a 730 °C PWHT by the fabricator no longer meets its own certificate, and the discovery usually comes at final inspection.
2. Quoting a plate or pipe specification for a forging. A387 Gr.11 is plate. A335 P11 is pipe. Forgings are EN 10222-2, ASTM A182 or ASTM A336.
3. Assuming equivalent means interchangeable. 1.7337 cross-references to both F11 and F12. Which one your inspector will accept depends on the contract rather than on a table.
4. Leaving out impact requirements. Then finding at the review meeting that the code needs them, after the heat treatment is done and the coupons are gone.
5. Specifying 1.7337 below 400 °C. Carbon steel is cheaper, easier to weld and carries no mandatory PWHT. Check whether the temperature on the drawing was ever real.
6. Ignoring residuals on long-life service. A vessel that will sit at 480 °C for twenty years needs a J-factor limit on the purchase order. Adding it after the heat is poured is impossible.
7. Buying a solid block to machine a ring from. On a part with a through hole, ring rolling routinely halves the purchased weight. See the worked example.

Ask for a 1.7337 / 16CrMo4-4 quotation

Send the drawing, the specification and the quantity. We answer within 24 hours with price, lead time and the certificate we will issue. If you already have the fabrication PWHT temperature, include it, because it changes how we temper the forging.

Where is 1.7337 used?

Two worked examples

Example 1: choosing between 1.7337 and 10CrMo9-10 for a reactor flange

Given. A 1,400 mm girth flange on a hydroprocessing reactor. Design metal temperature 500 °C, hydrogen partial pressure 3.5 MPa, design life 25 years.

Assessment. On creep-rupture strength alone, 1.7337 is comfortable at 500 °C and is the cheaper forging. Creep is not what governs here. The stream carries hydrogen, so the operating point has to be checked against the Nelson curve in API 941, and at 500 °C with 3.5 MPa hydrogen partial pressure a 1Cr-0.5Mo steel sits on the wrong side of the 2.25Cr-1Mo line. High-temperature hydrogen attack is irreversible and does not announce itself on a routine inspection. The 25-year life also brings temper embrittlement into scope, which means a J-factor limit and probably a step-cooling test whichever grade is chosen.

Decision. Specify 10CrMo9-10 / ASTM A182 F22 Class 3 with a J-factor maximum of 100 and step-cooling to demonstrate embrittlement resistance. 1.7337 would have been the right answer for the same flange in a non-hydrogen stream at the same temperature, and roughly 20 to 30% cheaper. The hydrogen moved the decision, not the temperature.

Example 2: why a rolled ring beats a machined disc

Given. A finished 1.7337 girth flange, 1,200 mm OD by 900 mm ID by 300 mm high.

Method. Net volume = π/4 × (1.200² − 0.900²) × 0.300 = 0.1484 m³. At 7,850 kg/m³ that is about 1,165 kg finished. Rolled as a seamless ring with 25% stock, the forging is roughly 1,456 kg. Machined from a solid forged disc of the same outside diameter and height, the input is π/4 × 1.200² × 0.300 × 7,850, or about 2,663 kg, and with the same stock allowance about 3,329 kg.

Result. Ring rolling cuts the purchased weight by roughly 56% on this geometry. That is about 1,870 kg of steel that would otherwise be bought, forged, heat treated and then turned into swarf. It also removes several hours of boring time and gives better grain flow around the circumference, which is what a pressure-boundary part wants. This is why we ask for the finished drawing rather than a billet size on every 1.7337 enquiry.

Glossary

1.7337 frequently asked questions

References

1. CEN, EN 10027-1 and EN 10027-2: designation systems for steels, steel names and steel numbers. The source of the designations 16CrMo4-4 and 1.7337.
2. CEN, EN 10222-1 and EN 10222-2: steel forgings for pressure purposes, general requirements for open-die forgings, and ferritic and martensitic steels with specified elevated-temperature properties.
3. CEN, EN 10269: steels and nickel alloys for fasteners with specified elevated and low temperature properties.
4. ASTM International, ASTM A182/A182M: forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service, grades F11 and F12, Classes 1, 2 and 3.
5. ASTM International, ASTM A335/A335M (P11 pipe), A234/A234M (WP11 fittings), A387/A387M (Grade 11 plate) and A217/A217M (WC6 castings), the matching product forms in the same alloy class.
6. Metal Ravne / SIJ, SIQUAL 7337 steel selector datasheet: Mat.No. 1.7337, DIN 16CrMo4-4, cross-referenced to AISI A182 F12 Cl.2. Source of the typical analysis, density, modulus, annealing, hardening, tempering and hot-forming temperatures quoted on this page.
7. ASME, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II Part D (allowable stresses) and Section VIII Division 1 UCS-56 (post-weld heat treatment of P-No. 4 material).
8. ASME, B31.1 Power Piping and B31.3 Process Piping: preheat and post-weld heat treatment requirements for chromium-molybdenum piping materials.
9. API, API 941: steels for hydrogen service at elevated temperatures and pressures in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants, the Nelson curves.
10. NACE and ISO, NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156-2: materials for use in H₂S-containing environments, carbon and low-alloy steels.
11. GB standards, GB/T 3077 and GB 5310: alloy structural steels and seamless tubes for high-pressure boilers, grade 15CrMo.
12. CEN, EN 10204: metallic products, types of inspection documents.
13. Examination standards: EN 10228-1 and EN 10228-3, ASTM A388/A388M, ASTM E709, ASTM E165, ASTM E8/E8M, ASTM E23, ASTM E112, ISO 6892-1, ISO 148-1.

Standards are cited by number. Always work to the revision in force at your contract date. Property values on this page are published typical and specification figures intended for screening, and they are not design allowables. Test results on our certificates are independent and traceable to calibrated equipment.

About the manufacturer, and how to cite this page

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. is an open-die forging factory at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China, with approximately 460 employees including 9 senior and 32 intermediate engineers. The plant runs 1 t to 9 t open-die hammers, a 5,000 t hydraulic press and radial-axial ring rolling mills, producing forgings from 80 to 6,000 mm in diameter and from 10 to 15,000 kg in weight, with in-house heat treatment, machining, mechanical testing and non-destructive examination. Alongside 1.7337 / 16CrMo4-4 we forge the rest of the chromium-molybdenum family, carbon and quench-and-temper alloy steels, tool steels, the precipitation-hardening and duplex stainless families, and nickel and cobalt high-temperature alloys. Quality management is certified to ISO 9001:2015. Material is supplied with EN 10204 3.1 certification as standard and 3.2 with third-party witness on request.

Contact for technical questions or a quotation: Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China · 0086-189-2135-9659 · sales@steelforgepieces.com · WhatsApp

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