16Mo3 (1.5415) Forgings

1What is 16Mo3 steel?

16Mo3 is a weldable, creep-resistant low-alloy steel for pressure equipment operating at elevated temperature. Its material number is 1.5415 and its defining addition is 0.25–0.35 % molybdenum, which raises creep-rupture strength and suppresses graphitisation in the 350–500 °C range where plain carbon steels such as P265GH lose usable strength.

The grade sits at the entry point of the creep-resistant family. Below it, the unalloyed GH grades (P235GH, P265GH, P295GH) are cheaper and easier to weld but are normally limited to about 400 °C. Above it, the chromium–molybdenum grades (13CrMo4-5, 10CrMo9-10, A182 F11, F22) add hydrogen-attack resistance and reach higher temperatures, but they need mandatory preheat, tighter interpass control and full post-weld heat treatment on almost every joint. 16Mo3 buys most of the creep benefit for a small fabrication penalty, which is why it remains the default material for boiler drums, steam headers and heat-exchanger tube sheets across Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

Two points are commonly misunderstood. First, 16Mo3 is not a chromium–molybdenum steel: chromium is a residual limited to 0.30 % maximum, not an alloying addition. Older supplier pages that describe it as "chrome moly" are simply wrong, and specifying it where hydrogen attack governs (hot hydrogen service, assessed against the Nelson curves in API 941) is a material-selection error. Second, molybdenum in this grade is there for creep strength and temper-embrittlement resistance, not corrosion resistance. 16Mo3 rusts in a wet environment exactly as carbon steel does.

Delivery conditions

16Mo3 forgings are supplied in one of three conditions, and the condition must appear on the purchase order because it changes the guaranteed properties:

• +N (normalised). Heated to 890–950 °C and cooled in still air. The standard condition, and the one against which the EN property tables on this page are written.
• +NT (normalised and tempered). Normalised, then tempered typically at 620–730 °C. Used on heavy sections to improve toughness uniformity.
• +QT (quenched and tempered). Austenitised at 890–960 °C, quenched in oil, water or polymer, then tempered at 620–700 °C. Used where the section is too heavy for normalising to develop the required core properties.

2What 16Mo3 forged products are available?

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. produces 16Mo3 / 1.5415 as seamless rolled rings to 2,500 mm outside diameter, forged and drilled tube sheets, forged flanges to ASME B16.5 / B16.47 and EN 1092-1, channel covers, girth flanges, self-reinforced (FVC) and long-welding-neck nozzles, valve bodies and bonnets, discs to Ø1,800 mm, shafts to 8 m, sleeves, bushings, hollow bars and round bars from Ø25 to Ø500 mm, with single-piece weights to 8,000 kg.

Three forming routes are used, selected by geometry and quantity. Open-die forging on hammers and free-forging presses covers blocks, discs, shafts and near-net blanks, and gives the controlled reduction ratio (normally ≥3:1 from the cast section) that a pressure-equipment specification requires. Radial-axial ring rolling produces seamless rolled rings, the route for girth flanges, shell courses and exchanger flanges, because the circumferential grain flow it produces is what makes a rolled ring stronger than a machined-from-plate equivalent. Upsetting is used for short, large-diameter sections: tube sheets, channel covers and blind heads. Every route finishes with a full re-austenitising normalise, because hot working alone does not leave a guaranteed grain size or a guaranteed set of mechanical properties.

• Forged rings
• Seamless rolled rings
• Contoured rolled rings
• Tube sheets
• Tube plates
• Cladded tube sheets
• Overlay tube sheets
• Forged discs
• Forged disks
• Weld-neck flanges
• Girth flanges
• Cover flanges
• Channel covers
• FVC nozzles
• Long welding-neck nozzles
• Nozzle necks
• Valve bodies
• Valve bonnets
• Valve stems
• Valve closures
• Seat rings
• Sleeves
• Bushes & bushings
• Cylinders
• Casings & shells
• Barrels
• Hubs & housings
• Forged blocks
• Shafts
• Round bars
• Hollow bars
• Heat-exchanger components

3What are the equivalent designations of 16Mo3?

16Mo3 is designated 1.5415 in the European material-number system and was called 15Mo3 under the withdrawn DIN 17155. The nearest American equivalents are ASTM A182 Grade F1 and ASTM A336 Grade F1 for forgings, ASTM A204 Grade A / B for plate, ASTM A335 Grade P1 for seamless pipe, ASTM A209 T1 / A250 T1 for tubes and ASTM A217 WC1 for castings. Other national equivalents include BS 1501-240, BS 3059 Gr.243, AFNOR 15D3 and UNI 16Mo3KW.

Buyers reach this material through at least a dozen different names, and the names are not perfectly interchangeable: the ASTM grades permit slightly different chemistry and are tested to different property tables. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal accepts orders under any of the designations below and issues a multi-designation material test certificate listing every specification the heat actually satisfies. Where a heat cannot satisfy two named specifications simultaneously, we say so before production rather than after.

Cross-references are based on comparable chemistry and mechanical property tables. They are guidance for identification, not a statement of code interchangeability. Substituting one designation for another in a code-stamped item requires the agreement of the design authority.

Which European standard covers which product form?

4What is the chemical composition of 16Mo3?

Per EN 10028-2 and EN 10222-2, the cast analysis of 16Mo3 (1.5415) is: carbon 0.12–0.20 %, silicon 0.35 % max, manganese 0.40–0.90 %, phosphorus 0.025 % max, sulphur 0.010 % max, chromium 0.30 % max, molybdenum 0.25–0.35 %, nickel 0.30 % max, copper 0.30 % max and nitrogen 0.012 % max, with iron as the balance.

* Aluminium is not limited by EN 10028-2 for plate. Values are cast (ladle) analysis; product analysis is permitted the deviations tabulated in EN 10028-1 and EN 10222-1. Source: EN 10028-2, EN 10222-2, EN 10216-2.

5How do EN 10222-2, EN 10028-2, EN 10216-2 and ASTM A182 F1 differ?

The four specifications share the same nominal chemistry but set different sulphur limits and different guaranteed strengths. EN 10222-2 forgings are required to reach a higher yield strength (295 MPa minimum in sections to 35 mm) than EN 10028-2 plate at 275 MPa, while EN 10216-2 tube permits sulphur up to 0.020 % against 0.010 % for plate and forgings.

Most supplier pages present one composition table and imply the standards are identical. They are not, and the differences fall exactly where they matter for a forging order.

6What are the mechanical properties of 16Mo3?

For 16Mo3 forgings to EN 10222-2 in the normalised condition, the minimum yield strength is 295 MPa in ruling sections up to 35 mm, 285 MPa from 35 to 70 mm and 275 MPa from 70 to 100 mm, with tensile strength 440–570 MPa, minimum elongation 23 % longitudinal / 21 % transverse and minimum Charpy V impact energy 50 J at +20 °C. For EN 10028-2 plate the minimum yield strength is 275 MPa at 16 mm, falling to 210 MPa at 250 mm.

Forgings to EN 10222-2, room temperature

EN 10222-2. The ruling section is the governing dimension of the forging as defined in EN 10222-1, not simply the maximum wall thickness, because it determines the cooling rate the heat treatment can achieve. Sections above 100 mm are supplied to properties agreed at order, normally in the +NT or +QT condition. Impact values are longitudinal; transverse values are lower and must be agreed at order if required.

Plate to EN 10028-2, room temperature

EN 10028-2, transverse test pieces, normalised condition. Impact energy is the average of three specimens; one individual value may fall below the minimum by not more than 30 %. Tube to EN 10216-2 is separately tabulated at ReH ≥ 280 MPa and Rm 450–600 MPa for walls to 16 mm.

7How strong is 16Mo3 at elevated temperature?

16Mo3 retains a minimum 0.2 % proof strength of 194 MPa at 300 °C, 175 MPa at 350 °C, 159 MPa at 400 °C, 147 MPa at 450 °C and 141 MPa at 500 °C in sections up to 16 mm. This is the property the grade exists for: the same figures for an unalloyed carbon steel fall away far more steeply above 350 °C.

EN 10028-2, minimum values for the normalised condition. Values are proof strength, not allowable stress. The design code applies its own safety factors and, above the creep threshold, substitutes creep-rupture data for proof strength.

Where creep takes over

Below roughly 380 °C, 16Mo3 is designed on time-independent properties: the allowable stress is derived from proof strength and tensile strength. Above that, creep governs, and the design stress comes instead from the 100,000-hour and 200,000-hour creep-rupture curves published in EN 10028-2 Annex A and in the corresponding VdTÜV material sheet. That transition is why the proof-strength curve above flattens between 450 °C and 500 °C rather than continuing to fall: the numbers stop being the controlling ones.

The practical service ceiling is about 500 °C for pressure-vessel and forging applications, with boiler and superheater tube applications quoted to 530 °C on thin sections. Above 530 °C, graphitisation and creep-rupture strength both become limiting and the design should move to 13CrMo4-5, 10CrMo9-10 or a modern 9Cr grade.

8What are the physical properties of 16Mo3?

The density of 16Mo3 is 7.85 g/cm³ (0.284 lb/in³). Its modulus of elasticity is 212 GPa at 20 °C, falling to about 175 GPa at 500 °C. Thermal conductivity is roughly 48 W/m·K at 20 °C and the mean coefficient of thermal expansion between 20 °C and 100 °C is 12.0 × 10⁻⁶ /K.

Physical constants are typical values for the grade in the normalised condition and are intended for design estimation, thermal-stress calculation and forging-weight estimation. They are not specification requirements and are not verified on the material certificate unless specifically ordered.

The two figures that most often matter in practice are the thermal expansion coefficient and the modulus. Both appear directly in the differential-expansion calculation for a fixed-tubesheet exchanger: if the shell is 16Mo3 at 13.2 × 10⁻⁶/K and the tubes are austenitic stainless at roughly 17 × 10⁻⁶/K, a 300 °C excursion generates a differential strain the tube sheet and expansion joint have to absorb. Confirm the design values against the code you are working to; the numbers above are typical, not code values.

9How is 16Mo3 forged and heat treated?

16Mo3 is forged from a start temperature of 1,180–1,250 °C and must finish above 850 °C. It is then normalised at 890–950 °C and cooled in still air. Where a heavier section or higher toughness is required it is normalised and tempered at 620–730 °C, or quenched from 890–960 °C and tempered at 620–700 °C.

The reduction-ratio question

Pressure-equipment specifications for forgings almost always call up a minimum forging reduction ratio, typically 3:1 from the cast section for a rolled ring and 4:1 for a bar or shaft. The ratio matters because it is what breaks down the as-cast dendritic structure and closes internal porosity. On a rolled ring, the ratio is calculated over the whole sequence of upset, punch and ring roll, not on the ring-rolling step alone. State the ratio you require on the enquiry: it changes the input billet size and therefore the price, and it is a common cause of requotes when it appears for the first time at the drawing-review stage.

10How is 16Mo3 welded? Preheat and PWHT

16Mo3 is readily weldable by SMAW, GTAW, GMAW and SAW using matching C–0.5Mo consumables such as AWS E7018-A1 or ER70S-A1. Preheat is normally 150–200 °C, rising with section thickness and carbon equivalent, and post-weld heat treatment at 620–680 °C is normally required above about 15–20 mm wall thickness depending on the design code.

Weldability is one of the practical reasons 16Mo3 has outlasted several competing grades. The carbon equivalent (CEV, IIW formula) of a typical heat is around 0.45–0.52, which places it firmly in the "preheat required, PWHT usually required" band but well short of the demands of a 2¼Cr–1Mo joint.

11How is 16Mo3 machined?

16Mo3 machines much like a normalised medium-carbon steel and is appreciably easier to cut than any stainless or nickel alloy. Typical carbide turning speeds are 120–200 m/min for finishing and 80–140 m/min for roughing in the normalised condition at 130–180 HBW.

The grade is not difficult to machine, but two behaviours are worth planning for. It is a gummy steel at low carbon and low hardness, so a heat at the bottom of the carbon band will produce long stringy chips and a poor finish unless feeds are kept positive and chip breakers are correctly selected. And large forgings carry residual stress: a tube sheet or a heavy ring that is machined heavily on one face will move. On tight-tolerance parts, rough machine with stock left, stress relieve at 580–680 °C, then finish. Building that intermediate step into the route from the start costs far less than re-machining a distorted 1.8 m tube sheet.

Indicative starting values for normalised material at 130–180 HBW. Optimise against your tooling supplier's data and the rigidity of your setup.

1216Mo3 vs P265GH vs 13CrMo4-5 vs A204 Gr.B

Choose P265GH below 400 °C, 16Mo3 from 400 °C to about 500 °C, and 13CrMo4-5 or 10CrMo9-10 above 500 °C or wherever hydrogen partial pressure makes high-temperature hydrogen attack a design case. A204 Gr.B is the American plate equivalent of 16Mo3 and is chosen when the vessel is built to ASME rather than EN rules.

Relative cost figures are order-of-magnitude indices against P265GH and move with the ferro-molybdenum and ferro-chrome markets. Elevated-temperature values for the comparison grades are indicative; take design values from the governing standard. Related grade pages: 13CrMo4-5 · 42CrMo4 · 34CrNiMo6.

1316Mo3 production capability at Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. forges 16Mo3 / 1.5415 as seamless rolled rings to 2,500 mm outside diameter, discs to Ø1,800 mm, tube sheets to Ø3,000 mm as-forged, shafts to 8,000 mm length and bars from Ø25 to Ø500 mm, with single-piece weights to 8,000 kg. The factory operates 1 t to 9 t open-die hammers, 4,500 t and 5,000 t free-forging hydraulic presses and radial-axial ring mills, with heat treatment, machining, mechanical testing and non-destructive examination in house.

Process route: billet to certificate

1. Raw material

   EAF + LF + VD refined billet or ingot, heat number traced, chemistry verified on receipt against EN 10222-2 / EN 10028-2 limits before the billet is cut.

2. Heating

   Soak to 1,180–1,250 °C, roughly one hour per 100 mm of section, furnace uniformity ±10 °C, chart recorded.

3. Forging

   Upset and draw on hammer or press; finish above 850 °C; reduction ratio ≥3:1 for rings and ≥4:1 for bars, or as specified on the order.

4. Ring rolling

   Radial-axial mill for seamless rolled rings to 2,500 mm outside diameter in rectangular, contoured and stepped sections.

5. Rough machining

   Stock left for final non-destructive examination and finish cut. Ultrasonic scanning is done on a machined surface, not on forge scale.

6. Heat treatment

   Normalise 890–950 °C, or +NT / +QT to the order. Simulated PWHT applied to test coupons where the customer supplies the cycle. Charts recorded and issued.

7. Testing & NDE

   Tensile, Charpy V, hardness and grain size; ultrasonic testing to EN 10228-3 or ASTM A388 with the acceptance class stated on the order; magnetic particle to EN 10228-1 or ASTM E709.

8. Certificate & despatch

   EN 10204 3.1 as standard, or 3.2 witnessed by Lloyd's, DNV, BV, ABS, TÜV or SGS. Marked with heat number, grade and drawing number, then packed for sea freight.

Equipment and inspection facilities

The company employs approximately 460 people, including 9 senior engineers, 32 intermediate engineers and 140 technicians, and has exported forged parts and rolled rings since 1997 to customers in Europe, North America, the Middle East, South-East Asia and India. Product certifications held include CCS, BV, DNV, LR and NK, under an ISO 9001:2015 quality system. Customers may witness any production stage: chemistry, forging, heat-treatment cycles, mechanical testing or final NDE. Arrange it with our QA team at no charge.

14Standards, testing and quality documentation

16Mo3 forgings are normally ordered to EN 10222-2 with ultrasonic testing to EN 10228-3 or ASTM A388, magnetic particle testing to EN 10228-1 or ASTM E709, and an EN 10204 3.1 inspection certificate, or 3.2 with third-party witness. Vessels built under the Pressure Equipment Directive additionally require the material to be covered by a harmonised standard or a Particular Material Appraisal.

Quality gates and non-conformance handling

• Six mandatory hold points. Raw-material chemistry, forging-temperature compliance, post-forging ultrasonic testing, heat-treatment chart approval, mechanical-test acceptance, and final NDE plus dimensional inspection. Customer-witnessed hold points are added at no charge.
• Non-conformance reports raised within 24 hours of any out-of-specification finding, with root-cause analysis completed within five working days and the proposed disposition sent to you before any rework. No silent rework.
• Replacement guarantee. Material found non-conforming within six months of delivery, verified by independent third-party test, is replaced free of charge including freight. Documentation is retained for ten years.
• Witness inspection right. Unrestricted access to any production stage, coordinated with our QA team.

15How to specify a 16Mo3 forging order

Eight steps. Following them removes essentially all of the ambiguity that causes requotes and rejected certificates on this grade.

1. State the grade and the product standard together

   Write "16Mo3 / 1.5415 to EN 10222-2" for a forging, not just "16Mo3". The standard determines which property table applies, and EN 10222-2, EN 10028-2 and EN 10216-2 give different guaranteed strengths for the same chemistry.

2. Specify the delivery condition

   +N, +NT or +QT. If you do not state one, we supply +N and the EN 10222-2 normalised properties apply.

3. Give the ruling section, not just the wall thickness

   The ruling section governs the property band. On a stepped or profiled forging this is a judgement call, so send the drawing and we will confirm it in writing with the quotation.

4. Supply the drawing

   2D drawing or 3D model with dimensions, tolerances, machining allowance, surface roughness and any grain-flow or reduction-ratio requirement. State whether you want as-forged, rough machined or finish machined.

5. Define non-destructive examination properly

   "UT per EN 10228-3" without a quality class is a suggestion, not a requirement. State the class, the scanning coverage and whether testing is before or after final machining. Add magnetic particle to EN 10228-1 for machined surfaces.

6. Declare the PWHT cycle if there is one

   Temperature, hold time, number of cycles, heating and cooling rates. We apply it to the test coupons so the certified properties represent the delivered condition. See section 9.

7. Add the service and code requirements

   Design temperature and pressure, the design code (EN 13445, AD 2000, ASME VIII, EN 12952/12953), through-thickness quality to EN 10164 where relevant, and any sour-service or low-temperature impact requirement.

8. State certificate and commercial terms

   EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2 with the nominated inspection body; then quantity, marking, delivery date, Incoterms and destination port.

16Ten common mistakes when ordering 16Mo3 forgings

Compiled from enquiries and post-delivery audits on this grade. Each one costs nothing to catch at the specification stage and weeks to catch at goods-in.

1 · Calling 16Mo3 a chrome-moly steel

Chromium is a residual at 0.30 % maximum, not an addition. Fix: if the duty genuinely needs chromium for hydrogen service, sulphidation or temperatures above 500 °C, specify 13CrMo4-5 or 10CrMo9-10 instead.

2 · Asking for dual certification to 16Mo3 and A182 F1

The molybdenum bands do not overlap: 0.25–0.35 % against 0.44–0.65 %. Fix: choose one, or design the part so either chemistry is acceptable and say so on the order. See section 5.

3 · Quoting a wall thickness where the standard wants a ruling section

The two are different on any stepped forging, and they select different property rows. Fix: send the drawing and have the ruling section confirmed in the quotation.

4 · Omitting the UT acceptance class

A named standard without a class cannot be inspected against. Fix: state the class, the coverage and the stage at which testing is performed.

5 · Adding simulated PWHT after the forging has been tested

Re-testing needs coupons that have had the cycle, and sometimes there are none left. Fix: declare the PWHT cycle in the enquiry.

6 · Ignoring through-thickness ductility on tube sheets

A tube sheet is loaded through its thickness and standard testing does not measure that direction. Fix: add EN 10164 Z25 or Z35 to the order.

7 · Using 16Mo3 above 530 °C

Creep-rupture strength and graphitisation both become limiting. Fix: move up to a chromium-bearing grade and re-check the design allowable.

8 · Specifying 16Mo3 for hydrogen service on the basis of an old Nelson curve

Carbon–½Mo steels no longer carry their own curve in API 941 for new construction. Fix: plot the duty properly and step up to 1Cr–½Mo or 2¼Cr–1Mo.

9 · Welding without hydrogen control

Hydrogen-assisted cold cracking is the dominant weld failure mode on this grade. Fix: H5 consumables, correct baking, 150–200 °C preheat, and a WPS qualified to EN ISO 15614-1 or ASME IX.

10 · Quoting net weight instead of rough forging weight

Price is driven by the input weight, not the finished weight. Fix: use the weight calculator and send both figures.

1716Mo3 drawing callout template

Copy this block into the material callout box of your drawing. It is accepted under EN, ASTM and ASME practice and removes most ordering ambiguity on this grade.

18Where is 16Mo3 used?

16Mo3 is used for boiler drums and headers, steam pipework, heat-exchanger tube sheets and shells, pressure-vessel forgings, reactor and column flanges, valve bodies for steam service, and pressure-retaining parts in oil, gas, petrochemical, refining and power-generation plant operating between roughly 400 °C and 500 °C.

Project references are available under a confidentiality agreement on request.

19Glossary

16Mo3

EN steel name for the molybdenum-alloyed creep-resistant pressure steel with material number 1.5415, containing 0.12–0.20 % carbon and 0.25–0.35 % molybdenum.

1.5415

The European material number for 16Mo3. The safest single identifier to write on a purchase order.

15Mo3

The designation for essentially the same steel under the withdrawn German standard DIN 17155. Still appears on legacy drawings and in older stock lists.

Ruling section (t_R)

The governing dimension of a forging as defined in EN 10222-1. It determines the cooling rate achievable in heat treatment and therefore which mechanical property row applies. Not the same as maximum wall thickness on a stepped part.

+N, +NT, +QT

Delivery conditions: normalised; normalised and tempered; quenched and tempered.

Creep

Time-dependent deformation under constant load at elevated temperature. Above about 380 °C creep-rupture data, not proof strength, governs the allowable design stress for 16Mo3.

Graphitisation

Decomposition of pearlitic carbides into free graphite during long exposure above roughly 425 °C, which embrittles the steel. Molybdenum retards it, which is one reason 16Mo3 outperforms plain carbon steel in this temperature range.

High-temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA)

Reaction of dissolved atomic hydrogen with carbides to form methane at grain boundaries, causing fissuring. Assessed against the Nelson curves in API 941. Carbon–½Mo steels no longer carry their own curve for new construction.

CEV

Carbon equivalent value, IIW formula: C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15. Used to estimate preheat requirement and cold-cracking susceptibility. Calculate yours in the CEV tool.

PWHT

Post-weld heat treatment. For 16Mo3, typically 620–680 °C held at least 30 minutes per 25 mm of thickness.

Simulated PWHT

Applying the fabricator's PWHT cycle to the mechanical test coupons before testing, so the certified properties represent the condition of the part after fabrication rather than as delivered.

EN 10204 3.1 / 3.2

Inspection certificate types. 3.1 is issued by the manufacturer's independent inspection department; 3.2 additionally carries a third-party or customer representative's endorsement.

EN 10164 Z25 / Z35

Through-thickness (short transverse) ductility classes, specified as minimum reduction of area in a Z-direction tensile test. Requested where the part is loaded through its thickness.

Reduction ratio

The ratio of the cast cross-section to the final forged cross-section. A measure of how thoroughly the as-cast structure has been broken down. Commonly specified as 3:1 for rings, 4:1 for bars.

Seamless rolled ring

A ring produced by upsetting, punching and then rolling on a radial-axial mill, giving continuous circumferential grain flow and no weld seam.

Tube sheet (tubesheet)

The drilled plate or forging that carries and seals the tubes in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Fixed, stationary and floating configurations are all forged in 16Mo3.

Clad / overlay tube sheet

A 16Mo3 backing forging with a corrosion-resistant layer applied by weld overlay or explosion cladding, typically 309L/308L stainless, Alloy 625, Alloy 825 or Monel 400.

FVC nozzle

A self-reinforced forged nozzle in which the reinforcement required by the design code is integral to the forging rather than added as a separate pad.

20Frequently asked questions about 16Mo3

21Technical references

Chemistry, mechanical, physical, heat-treatment and welding data on this page are drawn from the published standards listed below. Test results reported on our material certificates are independent and traceable to calibrated equipment.

1. EN 10028-2, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes - Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steels with specified elevated temperature properties, CEN.
2. EN 10222-2, Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 2: Ferritic and martensitic steels with specified elevated temperature properties, CEN.
3. EN 10222-1, Steel forgings for pressure purposes - Part 1: General requirements for open die forgings, CEN.
4. EN 10216-2, Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes - Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties, CEN.
5. EN 10273, Hot rolled weldable steel bars for pressure purposes with specified elevated temperature properties, CEN.
6. EN 10028-1, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes - Part 1: General requirements, CEN.
7. DIN 17155 (withdrawn), Steel plate and strip for pressure purposes; source of the 15Mo3 designation.
8. ASTM A182 / A182M, Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service, ASTM International (Grade F1).
9. ASTM A336 / A336M, Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts, ASTM International (Grade F1).
10. ASTM A204 / A204M, Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Molybdenum, ASTM International (Grades A, B, C).
11. ASTM A335 / A335M, Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service, ASTM International (Grade P1).
12. ASTM A217 / A217M, Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts (Grade WC1).
13. EN 10228-3, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Ultrasonic testing of ferritic or martensitic steel forgings, CEN.
14. EN 10228-1, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Magnetic particle inspection, CEN.
15. ASTM A388 / A388M, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings, ASTM International.
16. EN 10164, Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to the surface of the product, CEN.
17. EN 10204:2004, Metallic products - Types of inspection documents, CEN.
18. EN 13445, Unfired pressure vessels, and EN 12952 / EN 12953, Water-tube and shell boilers, CEN.
19. AD 2000 Merkblatt W-series and HP 5/3, Verband der TÜV e.V.
20. EN ISO 15614-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials, and ASME BPVC Section IX.
21. AWS A5.5 (E7018-A1), A5.28 (ER70S-A1) and A5.23 (EB2 flux) filler-metal specifications, American Welding Society.
22. API 941, Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants; the Nelson curves.
23. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II Parts A and D, latest edition, for allowable design stresses.

Standards cited are the revisions known at the time of the last page review. For procurement, always reference the revision in force at the contract date.