1.4436 Forgings, X3CrNiMo17-12-3
Also written X3CrNiMo17-13-3. Seamless rolled rings, forged rings, flanges, shafts, discs, bars and valve parts, melted and forged in one works
Reviewed 22 September 2026 against the current editions of EN 10088-3, EN 10272 and ASTM A182/A182M
EN 1.4436, steel name X3CrNiMo17-12-3 in the current edition of EN 10088-3 and X3CrNiMo17-13-3 in earlier editions, is the higher-molybdenum member of the 316 family: carbon up to 0.05 %, chromium 16.5 to 18.5 %, molybdenum 2.50 to 3.00 % and nickel 10.5 to 13.0 %. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., an integrated melting works and open-die forging factory at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China, melts 1.4436 on site and forges it into rings, flanges, shafts, discs, bars, tube sheets and valve parts, in single pieces up to 30 tonnes and rolled rings up to 6,000 mm outside diameter, with EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2 certification.
Need a price for a 1.4436 forging? Send the grade, the dimensions or a drawing, the quantity, the delivery condition and the certification required. Quotations normally come back within two working days. Minimum order is 10 kg, with no minimum piece count.
Supplier record
- Manufacturer
- Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.
- Business
- Integrated steel melting works, open-die forge and ring rolling mill, established 1997
- Plant address
- No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China
- Coordinates
- 31.8330 N, 120.3510 E
- Telephone
- +86 189 2135 9659, also WhatsApp and WeChat
- sales@steelforgepieces.com
- Melting route for 1.4436
- Electric arc furnace, ladle furnace and vacuum oxygen decarburisation, with electroslag remelting available when the order calls for it
- Forging equipment
- 6,300 t, 4,000 t and 2,000 t hydraulic open-die presses, 6 m, 3 m and 1 m radial-axial ring mills, hammers from 750 kg to 5 t
- Heat treatment
- 14 furnaces, including two 15 m well-type furnaces for vertical quenching of long shafts
- Size envelope
- Rolled rings to 6,000 mm outside diameter, single pieces to 30 tonnes, maximum heat size 60 tonnes
- Class approvals
- CCS, BV, DNV, LR, NK
- Certification
- EN 10204 3.1 as standard, EN 10204 3.2 witnessed by a class society, SGS or TUV on request
- Minimum order
- 10 kg, no minimum piece count
- Lead time
- 20 to 60 days from order confirmation
- Business hours
- Monday to Saturday, 08:00 to 17:30 China Standard Time, UTC+8
01What 1.4436 is
1.4436 is a molybdenum-alloyed austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel standardised in EN 10088-3. It carries the higher molybdenum band of 2.50 to 3.00 %, which improves resistance to pitting in chloride-bearing media, but keeps the standard carbon limit of 0.05 % rather than the low-carbon 0.030 % limit of 1.4404, 1.4432 and 1.4435.
Most catalogues and drawings call 1.4436 X3CrNiMo17-13-3. The current edition of EN 10088-3 names it X3CrNiMo17-12-3, as does ISO 15510 under code 4436-316-00-I. The steel number and the composition limits are unchanged, so material marked with either name is the same grade. The current name groups 1.4436 with 1.4432, X2CrNiMo17-12-3, which carries the same chromium, molybdenum and nickel bands and differs only in carbon. EN 10272:2007, the bar standard for pressure purposes, still prints X3CrNiMo17-13-3, so a certificate quoting either name against 1.4436 is acceptable.
The carbon and molybdenum combination sets where the grade is used. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. forges 1.4436 for buyers who want the pitting resistance of a 3 % molybdenum 316 in a section that will be delivered solution annealed and will not be welded afterwards, or will be re-annealed if it is. Where the part is welded in heavy section and cannot be re-annealed, the low-carbon grades are the correct choice, and section 04 sets out why.
The grade is austenitic, so it cannot be hardened by heat treatment. Strength comes from the solution-annealed condition and, where cold work is applied, from work hardening. It is non-magnetic in the solution-annealed condition, although cold deformation of the surface, for example during machining or straightening, can make it weakly magnetisable.
02Chemical composition
Under the current edition of EN 10088-3 the cast analysis for 1.4436 is carbon up to 0.05 %, silicon up to 1.00 %, manganese up to 2.00 %, phosphorus up to 0.045 %, sulphur up to 0.030 %, nitrogen up to 0.10 %, chromium 16.5 to 18.5 %, molybdenum 2.50 to 3.00 % and nickel 10.5 to 13.0 %.
| Element | Minimum | Maximum | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon, C | – | 0.05 | Standard carbon, not a low-carbon grade |
| Silicon, Si | – | 1.00 | |
| Manganese, Mn | – | 2.00 | |
| Phosphorus, P | – | 0.045 | |
| Sulphur, S | – | 0.030 | EN 10272, for pressure purposes, tightens this to 0.015 % |
| Nitrogen, N | – | 0.10 | No minimum, so nitrogen cannot be relied on for strength or PREN |
| Chromium, Cr | 16.5 | 18.5 | |
| Molybdenum, Mo | 2.50 | 3.00 | The defining difference from 1.4401, and the guaranteed floor that 1.4404 no longer gives |
| Nickel, Ni | 10.5 | 13.0 | May be increased by up to 1.00 % by agreement, to minimise delta ferrite or to obtain low magnetic permeability |
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal melts 1.4436 in its own electric arc furnace, refines it in a ladle furnace and decarburises under vacuum, so the analysis is set at the furnace to suit the forging, instead of being accepted from a purchased billet. The mill certificate traces the part back to its melt number.
Nitrogen has an upper limit but no lower limit in this grade. A heat can legally contain almost no nitrogen. If a design calculation leans on nitrogen for pitting resistance or for proof strength, it is leaning on something the standard does not guarantee. Where nitrogen matters, order 1.4429 (X2CrNiMoN17-13-3), which specifies a nitrogen range.
Sulphur depends on which product standard is named. EN 10088-3, the general-purpose standard, allows up to 0.030 %. EN 10272:2007, which covers bars for pressure purposes, allows only 0.015 %. Quoting the general-purpose limit on a pressure order understates the requirement by a factor of two, and sulphur is what governs transverse toughness and hot workability in this grade.
03Mechanical properties
In the solution-annealed condition and for thickness or diameter up to 160 mm, EN 10088-3 requires 0.2 % proof strength of at least 200 MPa, 1 % proof strength of at least 235 MPa, tensile strength of 500 to 700 MPa, elongation of at least 40 % longitudinal and impact energy of at least 100 J longitudinal, with a guidance hardness of 215 HB maximum.
| Property | t or d ≤ 160 mm | 160 < t ≤ 250 mm |
|---|---|---|
| 0.2 % proof strength, Rp0.2 | ≥ 200 MPa | ≥ 200 MPa |
| 1 % proof strength, Rp1.0 | ≥ 235 MPa | ≥ 235 MPa |
| Tensile strength, Rm | 500 to 700 MPa | 500 to 700 MPa |
| Elongation after fracture, A | ≥ 40 % longitudinal | ≥ 30 % transverse |
| Impact energy, KV, ISO-V | ≥ 100 J longitudinal | ≥ 60 J transverse |
| Hardness, guidance only | ≤ 215 HB | ≤ 215 HB |
- Tensile strength has an upper limit. EN 10088-3 specifies 500 to 700 MPa, not a minimum of 500 MPa. A heat that comes out at 730 MPa fails the standard even though it is stronger. This is normal for austenitic grades and it is why heavily cold-worked material cannot simply be certified to the annealed values.
- Above 160 mm the properties are quoted transverse, not longitudinal. Elongation drops from 40 % to 30 % and impact energy from 100 J to 60 J, because the test is taken transverse above 160 mm. The 40 % figure for a small bar and the 30 % figure for a heavy forging come from two different tests.
EN 10088-3 covers semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products. It is not the product standard for forgings, and the values above are quoted here for grade comparison. Section 06 sets out which standard a forging is ordered to.
04The 0.05 % carbon limit and welded parts
EN 10088-3 states that 1.4436 is resistant to intergranular corrosion in the delivery condition but not in the sensitized condition, where sensitization means 15 minutes at 700 °C followed by air cooling. The low-carbon grades with the same chromium and molybdenum, 1.4432 and 1.4435, are resistant in both conditions.
That single line in the standard is what decides whether 1.4436 or 1.4432 is the correct grade for a welded part.
| Grade | Carbon max | Molybdenum | In the delivery condition | In the sensitized condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.4401 | 0.07 % | 2.00 to 2.50 % | Yes | No |
| 1.4436 | 0.05 % | 2.50 to 3.00 % | Yes | No |
| 1.4404 | 0.030 % | 2.00 to 3.00 % | Yes | Yes |
| 1.4432 | 0.030 % | 2.50 to 3.00 % | Yes | Yes |
| 1.4435 | 0.030 % | 2.50 to 3.00 % | Yes | Yes |
In service terms, carbon above roughly 0.03 % lets chromium carbides form along the grain boundaries when the steel spends time in the 450 to 850 °C range. The boundary regions are then locally depleted in chromium and corrode preferentially. The solution anneal dissolves those carbides, so a forging leaves the works in the resistant condition. The risk arises afterwards, from welding or from any later stress-relief or hot operation inside that temperature range.
Choosing between 1.4436 and 1.4432
- Part is machined from the forging and not welded. 1.4436 is the correct grade and the cheaper one. The delivery condition governs and it is resistant.
- Part is welded in thin section and can be solution annealed afterwards. 1.4436 is acceptable, provided the re-anneal is written into the route and the certificate.
- Welded in heavy section, or welded in place, and cannot be re-annealed. Order 1.4432 (X2CrNiMo17-12-3). It has the same chromium, molybdenum and nickel bands as 1.4436 and the same mechanical requirements, and it is resistant to intergranular corrosion in the sensitized condition. The cost difference is small next to the cost of a weld decay failure. Specify 1.4432 rather than 1.4404 if the molybdenum floor matters: the current edition of EN 10088-3 widened the 1.4404 molybdenum band to 2.00 to 3.00 %, so a 1.4404 heat may legally be supplied at 2.0 % molybdenum, while 1.4432 and 1.4436 both guarantee 2.50 % as a minimum.
- Welded, and also needs higher nickel for reducing acids. 1.4435 (X2CrNiMo18-14-3) carries 17.0 to 19.0 % chromium and 12.5 to 15.0 % nickel.
Where an enquiry names 1.4436 for a welded assembly, Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal raises it before quoting. If the application needs the higher molybdenum and also needs weldability, the heat can be aimed at the low end of the carbon band during melting, or the order switched to 1.4432 at the quotation stage. The steel is melted on site rather than bought as billet, so the carbon aim can be set at the furnace.
051.4436 and ASTM A182 F316
1.4436 is commonly cross-referenced to AISI 316 and to UNS S31600, but the EN and ASTM chemical bands are not identical, and a heat can satisfy one while failing the other. Dual certification is possible only inside the overlap: carbon up to 0.05 %, chromium 16.5 to 18.0 %, molybdenum 2.50 to 3.00 % and nickel 10.5 to 13.0 %, with nitrogen up to 0.10 % under both.
| Element | EN 1.4436 | ASTM A182 F316 | Dual-certification window | Which standard binds |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | ≤ 0.05 | ≤ 0.08 | ≤ 0.05 | EN |
| Si | ≤ 1.00 | ≤ 1.00 | ≤ 1.00 | Same |
| Mn | ≤ 2.00 | ≤ 2.00 | ≤ 2.00 | Same |
| P | ≤ 0.045 | ≤ 0.045 | ≤ 0.045 | Same |
| S | ≤ 0.030 | ≤ 0.030 | ≤ 0.030 | Same |
| N | ≤ 0.10 | ≤ 0.10 | ≤ 0.10 | Same |
| Cr | 16.5 to 18.5 | 16.0 to 18.0 | 16.5 to 18.0 | Both |
| Mo | 2.50 to 3.00 | 2.00 to 3.00 | 2.50 to 3.00 | EN |
| Ni | 10.5 to 13.0 | 10.0 to 14.0 | 10.5 to 13.0 | EN |
Chromium is the limiting element. EN starts at 16.5 % and ASTM stops at 18.0 %, so the dual window is 1.5 percentage points wide against 2.0 for each standard on its own. A heat at 18.3 % chromium meets 1.4436 and fails F316. A heat at 16.2 % chromium with 2.2 % molybdenum meets F316 and fails 1.4436.
Mechanical requirements
| Property | EN 1.4436, t ≤ 160 mm | ASTM A182 F316 | Dual-certification window |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength, Rm | 500 to 700 MPa | ≥ 515 MPa (75 ksi) | 515 to 700 MPa |
| 0.2 % proof strength | ≥ 200 MPa | ≥ 205 MPa (30 ksi) | ≥ 205 MPa |
| 1 % proof strength | ≥ 235 MPa | Not required | ≥ 235 MPa |
| Elongation | ≥ 40 % longitudinal | ≥ 30 % | ≥ 40 % |
| Reduction of area | Not required | ≥ 50 % | ≥ 50 % |
| Impact energy, KV | ≥ 100 J longitudinal | Not required | ≥ 100 J |
| Solution treatment | 1020 to 1120 °C, air or water, per EN 10272 guidance | ≥ 1040 °C (1900 °F), liquid quench, cool below 260 °C, a requirement | 1040 to 1110 °C, water quench, below 260 °C |
Reduction of area, impact energy and the heat treatment row all cause trouble on dual orders. EN does not ask for reduction of area, so an EN-only certificate will not carry the figure a later ASTM review wants. ASTM does not ask for impact energy or for 1 % proof strength. The heat treatment rows differ in status as well as in value: on the EN side the temperature is informative guidance and only the resulting properties and corrosion resistance bind, while on the ASTM side the minimum temperature, the liquid quench and the 260 °C cut-off are each requirements. A forging air cooled inside the EN range meets 1.4436 and fails F316.
For dual EN and ASTM orders, Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal aims the melt inside the overlap window above, water quenches from 1040 to 1110 °C, and reports reduction of area, impact energy and both proof strengths on the same certificate. That covers either standard without a retest. State both specifications on the enquiry so the aim can be set before the heat is poured.
ASTM F316 allows chromium down to 16.0 % and molybdenum down to 2.00 %, and EN 1.4436 does not. An existing F316 approval therefore does not by itself cover 1.4436, and the gap usually shows up at incoming inspection rather than at the order stage.
The A182 weight limit
ASTM A182/A182M itself states that products made to that specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb, which is 4 540 kg, and directs larger austenitic products to ASTM A965/A965M instead. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal forges single pieces up to 30 tonnes, well beyond that cut-off. A 1.4436 ring or tube sheet weighing more than 4 540 kg therefore cannot be certified to A182 at all, whatever the drawing says. It is ordered to ASTM A965/A965M Grade F316, which covers the same austenitic grades for pressure and high-temperature parts without the weight limit, or to the European route in section 06.
A965 Grade F316 sets different property minima from A182 F316. Its minimum tensile strength is 485 MPa (70 ksi) against 515 MPa (75 ksi) in A182, and its minimum reduction of area is 45 % against 50 %. Minimum yield strength is 205 MPa (30 ksi) and minimum elongation 30 % in both. A design that was sized against the A182 tensile minimum and then re-specified to A965 because the piece grew past 4 540 kg loses 30 MPa of guaranteed tensile strength. Note also that EN 10088-3 requires 500 MPa as its floor, above both ASTM figures, so an EN-certified forging clears the ASTM tensile minimum in every case.
06Which product standard applies to a forging
EN 10088-3 is a bar and semi-finished product standard. For forgings the applicable European standards are EN 10250-4 for open-die forgings for general engineering purposes and EN 10222-5 for forgings for pressure purposes, and bars for pressure purposes fall under EN 10272.
| Standard | Covers | Use it when |
|---|---|---|
| EN 10088-3 | Semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products | Ordering bar stock, or quoting reference values for the grade itself |
| EN 10250-4 | Open-die steel forgings for general engineering purposes, stainless steels | Rings, shafts, discs, blocks and blanks for machinery rather than pressure duty |
| EN 10222-5 | Steel forgings for pressure purposes, stainless steels | Flanges, tube sheets, covers and valve bodies inside the pressure boundary |
| EN 10272 | Stainless steel bars for pressure purposes | Bar from which pressure-retaining parts will be machined |
| EN 10088-1 | List of stainless steels, designations and physical property data | Looking up designations and the physical constants in section 08 |
| ASTM A182/A182M F316 | Forged flanges, fittings, valves and parts, up to 4 540 kg per piece | ASME piping work inside the weight limit |
| ASTM A965/A965M F316 | Austenitic steel forgings for pressure and high temperature parts, no weight limit | Forgings above the A182 weight limit, and pressure-vessel parts |
For the same grade at the same section, EN 10088-3 states elongation of at least 40 % and impact energy of at least 100 J measured longitudinally, while EN 10272 states at least 30 % and at least 60 J measured transversely, and tightens the sulphur limit from 0.030 % to 0.015 %. The steel and the thickness are the same. The acceptance criteria differ because the two standards cover different products and test in different directions.
Use the section 03 values to compare grades. On a purchase order for a heavy forging, name the forging standard as well and take the acceptance values from it. Property requirements in EN 10250-4 and EN 10222-5 are stated against the ruling section of the forging, the dimension that governs how the piece responds to the quench, and for large sections they are agreed at the order stage. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal quotes against whichever standard the enquiry names, and asks when none is named.
07Equivalent and related designations
1.4436 is named X3CrNiMo17-12-3 in the current edition of EN 10088-3 and X3CrNiMo17-13-3 in earlier editions, 316S33 in the former British system, Z7CND18-12-03 in the French AFNOR system, SS 2343 in Sweden and SUS 316 in Japan, and is cross-referenced to AISI 316 and UNS S31600 with the qualifications set out in section 05.
| System | Designation | Relationship |
|---|---|---|
| EN steel number | 1.4436 | The grade itself |
| EN steel name, current | X3CrNiMo17-12-3 | The name in the current edition of EN 10088-3 |
| EN steel name, former | X3CrNiMo17-13-3 | The name in earlier editions, still used in EN 10272:2007 and in most catalogues and drawings |
| ISO 15510 | 4436-316-00-I, name X3CrNiMo17-12-3 | Direct, the 316 in the code refers to the AISI family |
| AISI / ASTM / UNS | 316, UNS S31600 | Nearest, not identical. See the overlap window in section 05 |
| ASTM forging grade | A182 F316, A965 F316 | Nearest forging specification, subject to the same overlap |
| BS (withdrawn) | 316S33 | Nearest. 316S33 allowed carbon up to 0.07 %, against 0.05 % here |
| AFNOR (France) | Z7CND18-12-03 | Nearest |
| SS (Sweden) | 2343 | Nearest |
| JIS (Japan) | SUS 316 | Nearest |
| Closest EN neighbour | 1.4432, X2CrNiMo17-12-3 | Same chromium, molybdenum and nickel bands, carbon reduced to 0.030 % |
Cross-reference tables show what is roughly comparable. They are not authority to substitute one grade for another. Where a drawing calls out 1.4436 and a certificate arrives marked 316, check the two chemistries element by element before accepting the material: the AISI band permits molybdenum down to 2.00 % and chromium down to 16.0 %, both outside the EN grade.
08Physical properties
1.4436 has a density of 8.0 kg/dm³, a modulus of elasticity of 200 kN/mm² at 20 °C, thermal conductivity of 15 W/(m·K), specific heat capacity of 500 J/(kg·K) and electrical resistivity of 0.75 Ω·mm²/m at 20 °C.
| Property | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 8.0 | kg/dm³ |
| Modulus of elasticity at 20 °C | 200 | kN/mm² |
| Modulus of elasticity at 200 °C | 186 | kN/mm² |
| Modulus of elasticity at 400 °C | 172 | kN/mm² |
| Modulus of elasticity at 500 °C | 165 | kN/mm² |
| Thermal conductivity | 15 | W/(m·K) |
| Specific heat capacity | 500 | J/(kg·K) |
| Electrical resistivity | 0.75 | Ω·mm²/m |
| Magnetisability | Relative permeability close to 1.0 | Not a specified property; see the note below |
| Temperature range | 20 to 100 °C | 20 to 200 °C | 20 to 300 °C | 20 to 400 °C | 20 to 500 °C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | 16.0 | 16.5 | 17.0 | 17.5 | 18.0 |
Thermal conductivity of 15 W/(m·K) is roughly a third of that of plain carbon steel, and the expansion coefficient is about half again as large. A 1.4436 forging therefore distorts more during welding and machining than a carbon steel part of the same shape, and sheds heat from the cutting zone far more slowly, which is why section 09 calls for flood coolant and coated carbide tooling.
Density affects the quoted weight. At 8.0 kg/dm³, a 1.4436 ring of 1,200 mm outside diameter, 900 mm inside diameter and 260 mm height weighs about 1,029 kg. Quoting it at the 7.85 kg/dm³ of carbon steel understates the weight by roughly 19 kg.
Solution-annealed 1.4436 has a relative permeability close to 1.0 and is treated as non-magnetic for most purposes, but that description is a working one and is not a specified property. The annealed structure is austenite with a small amount of delta ferrite, and heavy sections retain more of it than thin ones. Cold deformation, including machining, grinding and straightening, transforms a thin surface layer and raises the response further. EN 10088-3 has no permeability requirement for this grade at all. What it does have is a footnote allowing the nickel maximum to be raised by up to 1.00 % for 1.4436 specifically, precisely in order to minimise delta ferrite or to obtain low magnetic permeability. Where a permeability limit is contractual, state the limit on the order so that the nickel aim and the measurement can both be arranged.
09Forging, heat treatment and machining
1.4436 is solution annealed in the region of 1020 to 1120 °C and then quenched fast enough that the material passes the intergranular corrosion test of EN ISO 3651-2. At Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal the forging stock is heated to 1150 to 1180 °C, forged with the finishing temperature held above about 950 °C, then solution annealed at 1040 to 1110 °C and water quenched.
EN 10088-3 does not impose a solution annealing temperature. Its heat treatment guidance sits in an informative annex, and what the standard makes binding is the resulting mechanical properties and the resistance to intergranular corrosion. Published ranges therefore vary. EN 10272 gives 1020 to 1120 °C with air cooling and requires the cooling to be rapid enough to avoid intergranular corrosion. ASTM A182 and A965 make 1040 °C a minimum, with a liquid quench and cooling below 260 °C, and there the temperature is a requirement rather than guidance.
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal anneals at 1040 to 1110 °C and water quenches, which satisfies both.
| Operation | Temperature | Cooling | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preheat and soak | 1150 to 1180 °C | – | Producer guidance. Soak time set by ruling section. Outokumpu caps hot forming at 1150 °C, so hold the lower end for material bought to that datasheet |
| Open-die forging | Finish above roughly 950 °C | Air or water | Producer guidance. Finishing too cold risks cracking in a grade that work hardens quickly |
| Solution annealing, +AT | 1040 to 1110 °C as practised here, 1020 to 1120 °C per EN 10272 | Water, rapid | Cooling must be fast enough to pass EN ISO 3651-2 |
| Solution annealing for ASTM A182 or A965 F316 | 1040 °C minimum | Liquid quench to below 260 °C | Narrower and stricter than the EN requirement |
| Stress relief | Avoid 450 to 850 °C | – | That band sensitizes this grade. If stress relief is unavoidable, re-solution anneal afterwards |
EN 10088-3 allows the separate solution treatment to be omitted where the hot working and the subsequent cooling are themselves sufficient to meet both the mechanical requirements and the resistance to intergranular corrosion. On a heavy forging that is a difficult condition to satisfy and harder still to demonstrate, so Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal solution anneals as a separate operation and records the furnace chart with the certificate.
Machining
1.4436 machines like the rest of the 316 family: it work hardens rapidly, so avoid light cuts and avoid dwelling. Use coated carbide tooling, keep feed positive so the tool cuts below the hardened layer rather than rubbing on it, and flood with coolant, because the low thermal conductivity keeps heat in the cutting zone instead of carrying it away in the chip.
Welding
The grade welds by the usual austenitic processes, TIG, MIG, MMA and submerged arc, with no preheat. Matching or higher-alloyed filler is normal practice, and a small ferrite content in the weld metal reduces hot cracking. Because of the carbon level, read section 04 before committing to a welded design, and remember that heat input and cooling rate decide whether sensitization occurs.
10Corrosion behaviour and PREN
The pitting resistance equivalent number for 1.4436, calculated as Cr + 3.3Mo + 16N across the full EN 10088-3 composition band, runs from 24.8 at the lean end to 30.0 at the rich end. The lean end is what a purchaser can legally be shipped.
| Grade | PREN at the lean limit | PREN at the rich limit | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.4401 | 23.1 | 28.4 | Baseline 316, molybdenum capped at 2.50 % |
| 1.4404 | 23.1 | 30.0 | Wide molybdenum band, 2.00 to 3.00 %, so a high ceiling with a low floor |
| 1.4436 | 24.8 | 30.0 | Molybdenum floor of 2.50 % lifts the worst case |
| 1.4432 | 24.8 | 30.0 | Identical bands to 1.4436, low carbon |
| 1.4435 | 25.3 | 30.5 | Higher chromium floor again |
| ASTM A182 F316 | 22.6 | 29.5 | The widest band of the group, and the lowest floor |
The floor column governs what a purchaser can be shipped. The leanest legal 1.4401 delivers 23.1, the leanest legal 1.4404 also delivers 23.1, the leanest legal 1.4436 delivers 24.8, and the leanest legal ASTM F316 delivers only 22.6 because its molybdenum band starts at 2.00 % and its chromium band at 16.0 %. A designer specifying a minimum pitting resistance designs to the guaranteed minimum, which is why the order should name 1.4436 and not 316.
1.4404 is the case to watch. Since the molybdenum band in the current edition of EN 10088-3 runs 2.00 to 3.00 %, a 1.4404 heat can reach a PREN of 30.0, the same ceiling as 1.4436, or sit at 23.1, the same floor as 1.4401. Nothing in the grade designation tells the purchaser which one arrived. Only 1.4432, 1.4435 and 1.4436 guarantee molybdenum at 2.50 % or above, and only those three therefore guarantee a PREN floor near 25.
Note also that nitrogen contributes nothing to the guaranteed floor in any of these grades, because none of them specifies a nitrogen minimum. The 16N term only lifts the rich end of the range.
Service conditions
Suited to
Chloride-bearing process water, seawater splash zones and marine atmospheres, organic acids, pulp and paper liquors, textile and synthetic fibre processing, food and pharmaceutical process equipment, and general chemical service where 1.4401 is marginal on pitting.
Not suited to
Full seawater immersion, where duplex or super-austenitic grades belong; hot concentrated chlorides, where chloride stress corrosion cracking affects the whole 300 series above roughly 60 °C; hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid; and welded heavy sections that cannot be re-annealed.
111.4436 compared with the other 316-family grades
All six grades below carry identical mechanical requirements under EN 10088-3, namely 0.2 % proof strength of at least 200 MPa and tensile strength of 500 to 700 MPa. They are chosen on chemistry and on resistance to intergranular corrosion after sensitization, not on strength.
| Grade | Steel name | C max | Cr | Mo | Ni | PREN floor | Sensitized IGC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.4401 | X5CrNiMo17-12-2 | 0.07 | 16.5 to 18.5 | 2.00 to 2.50 | 10.0 to 13.0 | 23.1 | Not resistant |
| 1.4404 | X2CrNiMo17-12-2 | 0.030 | 16.5 to 18.5 | 2.00 to 3.00 | 10.0 to 13.0 | 23.1 | Resistant |
| 1.4436 | X3CrNiMo17-12-3 | 0.05 | 16.5 to 18.5 | 2.50 to 3.00 | 10.5 to 13.0 | 24.8 | Not resistant |
| 1.4432 | X2CrNiMo17-12-3 | 0.030 | 16.5 to 18.5 | 2.50 to 3.00 | 10.5 to 13.0 | 24.8 | Resistant |
| 1.4435 | X2CrNiMo18-14-3 | 0.030 | 17.0 to 19.0 | 2.50 to 3.00 | 12.5 to 15.0 | 25.3 | Resistant |
| 1.4571 | X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 | 0.08 | 16.5 to 18.5 | 2.00 to 2.50 | 10.5 to 13.5 | 23.1 | Resistant, titanium stabilised |
The family splits on the guaranteed molybdenum floor and on carbon. A floor of 2.00 % or 2.50 % decides the worst-case pitting resistance. Carbon at 0.030 % or above decides whether the grade survives sensitization. 1.4436 takes the high-molybdenum floor and the standard-carbon option, which makes it the right choice for unwelded machined parts in chloride service and the wrong choice for welded heavy sections that cannot be re-annealed.
1.4571 differs from the rest of the group. It carries the lower molybdenum band, so its pitting resistance matches 1.4401, but the titanium stabilisation ties up carbon as titanium carbide and makes it resistant after sensitization anyway. It is specified where an existing design code or an old drawing calls for a stabilised grade.
12Testing, inspection and certification
Ultrasonic testing of 1.4436 forgings is carried out to EN 10228-4 or ASTM A745/A745M, not to EN 10228-3 or ASTM A388 alone, because 1.4436 is austenitic and those two standards address ferritic and martensitic forgings. Certification is EN 10204 3.1 as standard, with EN 10204 3.2 witnessed by a third party on request.
EN 10228-3 covers ultrasonic testing of ferritic and martensitic steel forgings. The part written for austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steel forgings is EN 10228-4. On the ASTM side, A388/A388M is the general practice for steel forgings and A745/A745M is the practice for austenitic steel forgings. The reason is technical: coarse austenitic grain structure scatters and attenuates the ultrasonic beam in a way ferritic steel does not, so probe frequency, calibration blocks and acceptance criteria all change. Enquiries and drawings that name EN 10228-3 for 1.4436 are queried at the quotation stage.
| Test | Standard | Where it is done |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical analysis, melt and product | ASTM E415, ASTM E1019 | On site, optical emission spectrometer and infrared carbon and sulphur analyser |
| Positive material identification | Handheld alloy analyser | On site |
| Tensile test | ISO 6892, ASTM A370 | On site, 600 kN and 300 kN machines |
| Impact test, Charpy V-notch | ASTM A370, ISO 148 | On site, to minus 60 °C |
| Ultrasonic testing | EN 10228-4, ASTM A745/A745M | On site |
| Liquid penetrant testing | ASTM E165/E165M, or EN ISO 3452-1 | On site. Used in place of magnetic particle, which is not applicable to austenitic grades |
| Grain size | ASTM E112 | On site, metallographic laboratory |
| Intergranular corrosion test | EN ISO 3651-2, ASTM A262 Practice E | Accredited third-party laboratory, report issued with the certificate |
| Pitting resistance test | ASTM G48 | Accredited third-party laboratory |
| Certification | EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2 | 3.2 witnessed by BV, DNV, LR, SGS, TUV or the customer's own inspector |
Magnetic particle inspection is not applicable to solution-annealed 1.4436, which is austenitic. Surface examination is by liquid penetrant to ASTM E165/E165M or EN ISO 3452-1. Where an inspection plan specifies magnetic particle testing on this grade, raise it before the order rather than at pre-shipment inspection.
Intergranular corrosion testing is the relevant test for this grade, for the reason set out in section 04. EN 10088-3 does not require it as a routine release test, so it has to be called for on the order, placed with an accredited laboratory and reported alongside the mill certificate.
13Product forms and size envelope
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal produces 1.4436 as seamless rolled rings up to 6,000 mm outside diameter, forged rings, flanges, shafts, discs, tube sheets, bars, blocks, sleeves and valve parts, in single pieces up to 30 tonnes, with a minimum order of 10 kg.
| Product | Size limit | Set by |
|---|---|---|
| Seamless rolled rings | Outside diameter 50 mm to 6,000 mm | 6 m, 3 m and 1 m radial-axial ring mills; small sizes by upset and punch |
| Forged rings | Sections and alloys outside the ring-mill envelope | 6,300 t press, upset and punch route |
| Forged flanges | ASME B16.5, B16.47 Series A and B, API 6A | Presses and ring mills |
| Forged shafts | Turned length up to 14,000 mm | C61160 horizontal lathe; 15 m well furnace for vertical quench |
| Discs, tube sheets and covers | Machined diameter up to 5,000 mm | 5,000 mm swing vertical turning lathe |
| Bars, blocks and blanks | Round, flat and square, to drawing | 2,000 t to 6,300 t presses and hammers |
| Sleeves, bushings and bored cylinders | Up to diameter 1,600 mm by 10,000 mm | CNC deep-hole drilling machine |
| Valve and wellhead parts | Bodies, bonnets, stems, seat rings, spools | Presses plus CNC machining |
| Single-piece weight | Up to 30,000 kg | 60 t maximum heat size, 6,300 t press |
| Delivery condition | As forged, proof machined, or finish machined to drawing | In-house machine shop |
Proof machining is normal practice for this grade. Ultrasonic testing of an austenitic forging is far more reliable on a machined surface than on a black as-forged one, so where volumetric inspection is required, the piece is normally supplied proof machined and tested in that condition.
14Where 1.4436 forgings are used
1.4436 forgings are used where a 316-family grade needs the higher molybdenum band for chloride pitting resistance, principally in chemical and petrochemical process equipment, pulp and paper, textile and synthetic fibre plant, marine and offshore hardware, and food and pharmaceutical process equipment.
Chemical and petrochemical
Pressure-vessel flanges, tube sheets, covers, nozzles, pump and valve parts, agitator shafts and column internals in chloride-bearing or organic acid service.
Pulp, paper and textile
Digester and liquor-handling components, roll journals, and equipment for textile finishing and synthetic fibre production, the application the grade was originally developed around.
Marine and offshore
Pump and valve bodies, shafts, couplings, flanges and deck hardware in splash-zone and marine-atmosphere exposure, supported by CCS, BV, DNV, LR and NK approvals.
Food, dairy and pharmaceutical
Process vessel flanges, machined valve bodies, shafts and fittings where cleaning chemistry and chloride carryover rule out the lower-molybdenum grades.
Heat exchangers
Solid forged tube sheets, channel covers and hubs, supplied proof machined for ultrasonic inspection.
General machinery
Gear ring blanks, slewing rings, bearing races, spindles and stepped shafts where corrosion resistance and toughness are both required.
15Requesting a quotation for 1.4436 forgings
Send six items to sales@steelforgepieces.com and a firm price normally comes back within two working days: the grade and specification, the dimensions or a drawing, the quantity, the delivery condition, the heat treatment and testing requirements, and the certification and destination port.
| # | Item | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Grade and product standard | EN 1.4436 to EN 10250-4, dual certified to ASTM A182 F316 |
| 2 | Dimensions, or a drawing in PDF, DWG, DXF or STEP | Ring, outside diameter 1,200 by inside diameter 900 by height 260 mm |
| 3 | Quantity and expected repeat volume | 8 pieces, about three times a year |
| 4 | Delivery condition | Proof machined for ultrasonic testing, 3 mm allowance on all faces |
| 5 | Heat treatment and testing | Solution annealed 1040 to 1110 °C water quenched, ultrasonic to EN 10228-4 quality class 3, intergranular corrosion test to ASTM A262 Practice E |
| 6 | Certification and destination | EN 10204 3.2 witnessed by DNV, delivered to Rotterdam |
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. quotes 1.4436 from a drawing or a written specification. Minimum order 10 kg, no minimum piece count, lead time 20 to 60 days. Customer audits, pre-shipment inspection and third-party witness testing are welcome; please arrange visits by email in advance so an English-speaking engineer is available.
16Frequently asked questions about 1.4436
What is EN 1.4436 stainless steel?
EN 1.4436 is a molybdenum-alloyed austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel specified in EN 10088-3, named X3CrNiMo17-12-3 in the current edition and X3CrNiMo17-13-3 in earlier ones. The cast analysis is carbon up to 0.05 %, silicon up to 1.00 %, manganese up to 2.00 %, phosphorus up to 0.045 %, sulphur up to 0.030 %, nitrogen up to 0.10 %, chromium 16.5 to 18.5 %, molybdenum 2.50 to 3.00 % and nickel 10.5 to 13.0 %. It belongs to the 316 family and carries the higher molybdenum band, which raises its resistance to pitting in chloride-bearing media. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. of Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China melts and open-die forges 1.4436 into rings, flanges, shafts, discs, bars and valve parts.
What is the difference between 1.4436 and 1.4401?
Molybdenum and, to a lesser extent, carbon and nickel. 1.4401 carries 2.00 to 2.50 % molybdenum with carbon up to 0.07 % and nickel 10.0 to 13.0 %. 1.4436 carries 2.50 to 3.00 % molybdenum with carbon up to 0.05 % and nickel 10.5 to 13.0 %. The chromium band is the same, 16.5 to 18.5 %, and the mechanical requirements in EN 10088-3 are identical. The practical effect is on pitting resistance: the lowest PREN a purchaser can legally be shipped is 23.1 for 1.4401 and 24.8 for 1.4436. Neither grade is resistant to intergranular corrosion in the sensitized condition, which is where the low-carbon grades 1.4432 and 1.4435 differ from both.
Is 1.4436 the same as 316 or UNS S31600?
Close but not identical, and the difference can fail an incoming inspection. ASTM A182 Grade F316, UNS S31600, permits chromium 16.0 to 18.0 % and molybdenum 2.00 to 3.00 %, while EN 1.4436 requires chromium 16.5 to 18.5 % and molybdenum 2.50 to 3.00 %. A heat at 16.2 % chromium and 2.2 % molybdenum is a valid F316 and is not a valid 1.4436. For material that must satisfy both, the overlap window is carbon up to 0.05 %, chromium 16.5 to 18.0 %, molybdenum 2.50 to 3.00 %, nickel 10.5 to 13.0 % and nitrogen up to 0.10 %. State both specifications on the enquiry so the melt is aimed inside that window.
Can 1.4436 be welded?
Yes, by the usual austenitic processes, TIG, MIG, MMA and submerged arc, with no preheat and with matching or higher-alloyed filler. The caution concerns what happens after the weld. Because carbon is permitted up to 0.05 %, EN 10088-3 records 1.4436 as resistant to intergranular corrosion in the delivery condition but not in the sensitized condition. For welded heavy sections that cannot be solution annealed afterwards, order 1.4432 instead: it has the same chromium, molybdenum and nickel bands and the same mechanical requirements, with carbon reduced to 0.030 %, and it is resistant in both conditions.
What is the solution annealing temperature for 1.4436?
Between about 1020 and 1120 °C, followed by cooling fast enough that the material passes the intergranular corrosion test of EN ISO 3651-2. EN 10088-3 does not impose a temperature: its heat treatment guidance is informative, and only the resulting properties and corrosion resistance are binding. Published guidance differs by source, with EN 10272:2007 giving 1020 to 1120 °C, Euro Inox giving 1030 to 1110 °C and several producer datasheets giving 1000 to 1100 °C. Where the forging must also satisfy ASTM A182 or ASTM A965 Grade F316, the temperature is a genuine requirement: a minimum of 1040 °C, a liquid quench, and cooling below 260 °C. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal anneals at 1040 to 1110 °C and water quenches, which sits inside every published window.
What is the tensile strength of 1.4436?
500 to 700 MPa in the solution-annealed condition under EN 10088-3, with 0.2 % proof strength of at least 200 MPa, 1 % proof strength of at least 235 MPa, elongation of at least 40 % longitudinal and impact energy of at least 100 J longitudinal, for thickness or diameter up to 160 mm. Note that tensile strength has an upper limit as well as a lower one, so a heat that tests above 700 MPa does not meet the standard. Between 160 and 250 mm the requirement is stated transverse instead: elongation at least 30 % and impact energy at least 60 J.
Which standard applies to a 1.4436 forging, EN 10088-3 or something else?
EN 10088-3 covers semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products, so it is not the product standard for a forging. Open-die forgings for general engineering purposes fall under EN 10250-4, forgings for pressure purposes fall under EN 10222-5, and bars for pressure purposes fall under EN 10272. EN 10272 also tightens the sulphur limit from 0.030 % to 0.015 %. On the American side, ASTM A182 Grade F316 covers forged flanges, fittings and valve parts up to 4 540 kg per piece, and ASTM A965 Grade F316 covers austenitic forgings for pressure and high temperature parts without that weight limit. Name the product standard as well as the grade on the purchase order.
Is there a weight limit on 1.4436 forgings certified to ASTM A182?
Yes. ASTM A182/A182M states that products made to that specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb, which is 4 540 kg, and directs larger austenitic products to ASTM A965/A965M. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal forges single pieces up to 30 tonnes, so a large 1.4436 ring, tube sheet or shaft will exceed the A182 limit. Those pieces are certified to ASTM A965 Grade F316, or to EN 10250-4 or EN 10222-5 on the European route. The properties do not carry across unchanged: A965 Grade F316 requires a minimum tensile strength of 485 MPa and a minimum reduction of area of 45 %, against 515 MPa and 50 % in A182. A design sized against the A182 tensile minimum should be rechecked before the specification is switched.
What is the PREN of 1.4436?
Calculated as Cr + 3.3Mo + 16N from the EN 10088-3 composition limits, the PREN of 1.4436 runs from 24.8 at the lean end of the band to 30.0 at the rich end. The lean figure is the one to design against, because it is what a purchaser can legally be shipped. For comparison, 1.4401 runs 23.1 to 28.4, 1.4404 runs 23.1 to 30.0 and ASTM F316 runs 22.6 to 29.5. Only 1.4432, 1.4435 and 1.4436 guarantee molybdenum at 2.50 % or above, so only those three guarantee a PREN floor near 25. Nitrogen adds nothing to the floor in any of these grades, because none of them specifies a nitrogen minimum.
Which ultrasonic testing standard applies to 1.4436 forgings?
EN 10228-4 on the European side, and ASTM A745/A745M on the American side. EN 10228-4 covers ultrasonic testing of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steel forgings, while EN 10228-3 covers ferritic and martensitic forgings and does not apply to this grade. ASTM A745/A745M is the practice written specifically for austenitic steel forgings. Coarse austenitic grain structure scatters and attenuates the ultrasonic beam, so probe frequency, calibration and acceptance criteria all differ from ferritic practice. Note also that magnetic particle inspection is not applicable, since solution-annealed 1.4436 is non-magnetic; surface examination is by liquid penetrant to ASTM E165/E165M or EN ISO 3452-1.
Is 1.4436 magnetic?
For practical purposes no, but that is a working description rather than a guaranteed property. Solution-annealed 1.4436 has a relative permeability close to 1.0, and the structure is austenite with a small amount of delta ferrite, which heavy sections retain more of than thin ones. Cold deformation, including machining, grinding and straightening, transforms a thin surface layer and raises the response further. A hand magnet picking up a slight pull on a machined surface is therefore not evidence that the wrong grade has been supplied. EN 10088-3 sets no permeability requirement for this grade, but it does allow the nickel maximum to be raised by up to 1.00 % for 1.4436 in order to minimise delta ferrite or to obtain low magnetic permeability. Where non-magnetic behaviour is a functional requirement, state a maximum permeability on the order so the nickel aim and the measurement can both be arranged.
What is the density of 1.4436, and how much does a ring weigh?
8.0 kg/dm³. Austenitic stainless steels containing molybdenum are denser than plain carbon steel at 7.85 kg/dm³, and using the carbon steel figure understates the weight by about 2 %. As a worked example, a ring of 1,200 mm outside diameter, 900 mm inside diameter and 260 mm height has a volume of about 128.6 dm³ and weighs about 1,029 kg in 1.4436, against about 1,010 kg if calculated at carbon steel density.
Who supplies 1.4436 open-die forgings in China?
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China, telephone +86 189 2135 9659, email sales@steelforgepieces.com. The works has operated since 1997 and is an integrated melting works rather than a forging shop that buys billet: 1.4436 is melted in its own electric arc furnace, refined in a ladle furnace and decarburised under vacuum, then forged on 6,300 t, 4,000 t and 2,000 t presses or rolled on 6 m, 3 m and 1 m ring mills, heat treated in 14 furnaces, machined and tested on site. Maximum single-piece weight is 30 tonnes and maximum rolled ring diameter is 6,000 mm. The works holds CCS, BV, DNV, LR and NK approvals.
What is the minimum order quantity and lead time for 1.4436 forgings?
Minimum order is 10 kg, with no minimum piece count, so a single small part is quotable and so is a one-off large ring. Normal lead time is 20 to 60 days from order confirmation. Standard austenitic grades such as 1.4436 sit at the lower end of that range, since they are melted, refined and forged without an intermediate remelting step. Third-party witnessed inspection to EN 10204 3.2 and corrosion testing placed with an outside laboratory both need scheduling, so flag them at enquiry stage and they will be built into the quoted date.
17References
- EN 10088-3, current edition, Stainless steels, Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes. Composition and mechanical property limits for X3CrNiMo17-12-3 / 1.4436 and the comparison grades. The grade is named X3CrNiMo17-13-3 in earlier editions.
- EN 10088-1, Stainless steels, Part 1: List of stainless steels. Designations and physical property data.
- EN 10250-4, Open die steel forgings for general engineering purposes, Part 4: Stainless steels.
- EN 10222-5, Steel forgings for pressure purposes, Part 5: Martensitic, austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steels.
- EN ISO 3651-2, Determination of resistance to intergranular corrosion of stainless steels, Part 2: Ferritic, austenitic and ferritic-austenitic stainless steels, corrosion test in media containing sulphuric acid.
- EN 10228-4, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings, Part 4: Ultrasonic testing of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steel forgings.
- ASTM A182/A182M, Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service. Tables 1, 2 and 3 for Grade F316, and clause 1.2 for the 4 540 kg weight limit.
- ASTM A965/A965M, Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts.
- ASTM A745/A745M, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings.
- EN 10272:2007, Stainless steel bars for pressure purposes. Sulphur limit, solution annealing range and elevated-temperature proof strength values.
- ASTM E3024/E3024M, Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry, clause 1.2 on non-ferromagnetic alloys.
- Euro Inox, Stainless Steels: Tables of Fabrication Parameters, Materials and Applications Series Volume 17, Table 4, solution annealing temperatures for austenitic stainless steels.
- ISO 15510, Stainless steels, chemical composition, for the 4436-316-00-I cross-reference code.
Compiled by the technical department of Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. and last reviewed on 22 September 2026. Standard values are quoted for reference only; the standard and edition named on the purchase order govern the supply.