1.4432 Stainless Steel Forgings (X2CrNiMo17-12-3 / 316L)
Summary
1.4432 is the EN material number for X2CrNiMo17-12-3, a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel alloyed with molybdenum and equivalent in most respects to AISI 316L / UNS S31603. Its molybdenum range of 2.50 to 3.00 % is higher than the 2.00 to 2.50 % of the more common 1.4404. This gives a pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) of about 25 to 30 and better resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion in seawater, brine and acidic chloride media. Carbon is limited to 0.030 %, so the grade resists sensitisation and intergranular attack after welding without stabilising elements.
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. forges 1.4432 at its works in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China. Product forms are round bars and shafts, seamless rolled rings, discs and blocks, and hollow bars, sleeves and cylinders. Parts are solution annealed at 1020 to 1120 °C, pickled and passivated, and supplied with EN 10204 3.1 certification.
- EN number
- 1.4432
- EN name
- X2CrNiMo17-12-3
- UNS
- S31603
- Nearest AISI
- 316L
- Molybdenum
- 2.50 to 3.00 %
- PREN
- 25 to 30
- Structure
- Austenitic
- Magnetic
- No (μr ≤ 1.02)
This data sheet covers the composition, mechanical and physical properties, corrosion behaviour and forging parameters of 1.4432, together with the forged shapes and size ranges we supply in this grade. Each figure is referenced to the standard it is taken from, so it can be quoted in a specification or an enquiry.
1. Designations and international equivalents
1.4432 appears under a different name in each standards system. The table lists the designations most often seen on drawings, mill certificates and purchase orders.
| System or country | Designation | Governing standard |
|---|---|---|
| EN (Europe), number | 1.4432 | EN 10088-1 |
| EN (Europe), name | X2CrNiMo17-12-3 | EN 10088-1 |
| Germany, former DIN | X2CrNiMo17-13-3 | DIN 17440 (withdrawn) |
| USA, AISI / UNS | 316L / S31603 | ASTM A182 F316L, A276, A479 |
| Japan, JIS | SUS 316L | JIS G 4303 / G 4051 |
| France, AFNOR | Z3CND17-13-03 | NF A35-572 (withdrawn) |
| UK, BS | 316S13 | BS 970 (withdrawn) |
| Sweden, SS | 2353 | SS 14 23 53 |
| Russia, GOST | 03Kh17N14M3 | GOST 5632 |
| China, GB | 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 (closest) | GB/T 20878 |
Equivalents are cross-references, not exact matches. Chemical limits differ between systems. 1.4432 requires 2.50 to 3.00 % Mo, while UNS S31603 permits 2.00 to 3.00 %, so not every 316L heat meets 1.4432. Where dual certification to 1.4432 and 316L is needed, state it on the order.
Ordering note. Most rejected 1.4432 orders come back with a mill certificate showing 2.1 to 2.4 % Mo. That heat is valid 316L and valid 1.4404, but it is not 1.4432. We check every incoming ingot and billet by optical emission spectrometry against the 2.50 % Mo minimum before it goes to the press.
2. Chemical composition of 1.4432
The composition of 1.4432 is set by EN 10088-1. The grade was not among those revised in the 2023 and 2024 editions, so the limits below are unchanged from earlier editions.
| C | Si | Mn | P | S | N | Cr | Ni | Mo | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 0.030 | ≤ 1.00 | ≤ 2.00 | ≤ 0.045 | ≤ 0.015 | ≤ 0.11 | 16.50 to 18.50 | 10.50 to 13.00 | 2.50 to 3.00 | Balance |
Source: EN 10088-1, list of stainless steels. Delivery conditions are in EN 10088-2 for sheet, plate and strip and EN 10088-3 for bars, rods, sections and semi-finished products. Values checked against the 2023 and 2024 editions.
Sulphur ranges
EN 10088 allows the sulphur range to be narrowed by agreement. The useful range depends on what happens to the part after forging.
- For machinability, a controlled sulphur content of 0.015 % to 0.030 % is recommended and permitted.
- For weldability, a controlled sulphur content of 0.008 % to 0.030 % is recommended and permitted.
- For polishability, in sanitary, pharmaceutical and food surfaces, 0.015 % maximum is recommended.
These ranges only partly overlap. A part for a mirror-polished pharmaceutical vessel and a part for a heavily machined valve body should not be cut from the same heat if either requirement is tight. Specify the sulphur range at enquiry stage, not after the ingot is cast.
Pressure equipment. For components placed on the EU market under the Pressure Equipment Directive 2014/68/EU, EN 10088-1 restricts phosphorus to 0.035 % maximum instead of the general 0.045 %. State "PED 2014/68/EU" on the order and we will select the heat accordingly.
Elements not listed in Table 2 are not to be added to the steel without the agreement of the purchaser, except as needed to finish the cast.
3. Mechanical properties of 1.4432
Mechanical requirements depend on the product form and on the standard the part is ordered to. For open-die forgings the relevant documents are EN 10222-5, steel forgings for pressure purposes, and ASTM A182 F316L. For forged and machined bar stock the document is EN 10088-3. Figures from EN 10088-2 apply to rolled sheet, plate and strip and should not be quoted against a forging.
3.1 Forgings to ASTM A182 Grade F316L
| Property | Minimum | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength Rm | 485 MPa (70 ksi) | 450 MPa (65 ksi) for sections over 130 mm (5 in) thick |
| 0.2 % proof strength Rp0.2 | 170 MPa (25 ksi) | Not applicable |
| Elongation A (50 mm) | 30 % | Longitudinal. Transverse minimum is 25 % |
| Reduction of area Z | 50 % | Not applicable |
| Solution treatment | ≥ 1040 °C | Followed by water quench or other rapid cooling |
Source: ASTM A182/A182M, Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service, Tables 2 and 3.
3.2 Bars and semi-finished products to EN 10088-3, solution annealed (+AT)
| Property | d ≤ 160 mm | 160 < d ≤ 250 mm |
|---|---|---|
| 0.2 % proof strength Rp0.2, min | 200 MPa | 200 MPa |
| 1 % proof strength Rp1.0, min | 235 MPa | 235 MPa |
| Tensile strength Rm | 500 to 700 MPa | 500 to 700 MPa |
| Elongation A, min, longitudinal | 40 % | 40 % |
| Impact energy KV, min, longitudinal | 100 J | 100 J |
| Hardness, max | 215 HB | 215 HB |
Source: EN 10088-3, Table 11, solution annealed austenitic steels. EN 10088-3 differentiates by product condition (1C, 1E, 1D, 1X, 1G, 2D), so check the exact row against the current edition before it goes into a contract document.
3.3 Sheet, plate and strip to EN 10088-2
| Condition | Rp0.2 (MPa) | Rm (MPa) | A, min (%) | Hardness (HB) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annealed (+A) | 190 to 240 | 490 to 700 | 40 to 45 | ≤ 215 |
| Solution annealed (+AT) | ≥ 190 | 490 to 690 | 40 | ≤ 200 |
| Solution annealed and cold worked (+AT+C) | Not specified | 750 to 780 | Not specified | Not specified |
Source: EN 10088-2. Values vary with product form (cold-rolled strip C, hot-rolled strip H, hot-rolled plate P) and with thickness.
Impact toughness and cryogenic service
Austenitic steels have no pronounced ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, so 1.4432 stays tough at cryogenic temperatures where ferritic steels fail. Typical minimum Charpy V-notch values for 1.4432 in the annealed condition are 100 J longitudinal and 60 J transverse at +20 °C, with 60 J transverse retained at −196 °C. Reduction of area on fracture is typically 63 to 68 % for nominal diameters of 2 to 50 mm.
The conventional lower limit of application is −196 °C, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. Below that the grade should not be applied without a dedicated qualification programme.
4. Physical properties
| Property | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 8.0 | kg/dm³ (g/cm³) |
| Modulus of elasticity | 200 | GPa |
| Thermal conductivity | 15 | W/(m·K) |
| Specific heat capacity | 500 | J/(kg·K) |
| Electrical resistivity | 0.75 | Ω·mm²/m |
| Mean thermal expansion, 20 to 100 °C | 16.0 | 10−6 K−1 |
| Mean thermal expansion, 20 to 200 °C | 16.5 | 10−6 K−1 |
| Mean thermal expansion, 20 to 400 °C | 17.5 | 10−6 K−1 |
| Relative magnetic permeability μr | ≤ 1.02 | Solution annealed |
| Melting range, approximate | 1370 to 1400 | °C |
Source: EN 10088-1, Annex E, reference physical data for austenitic Cr-Ni-Mo stainless steels. These are typical reference values, not guaranteed acceptance criteria.
Design note. 1.4432 conducts heat at about one third the rate of carbon steel, 15 against roughly 50 W/(m·K), and expands about 45 % more per degree, 16 against roughly 11 × 10−6 K−1. Allow for more welding distortion, higher residual stress in thick sections and larger machining allowances on long forged shafts.
5. Corrosion resistance and PREN
1.4432 exists as a separate grade because of its molybdenum range. Raising Mo from the 2.00 to 2.50 % of 1.4404 to 2.50 to 3.00 % improves resistance to localised chloride attack, meaning pitting and crevice corrosion. These are the usual failure modes for stainless steel in seawater, brine and acidic chloride process streams.
Pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN)
PREN ranks a grade for resistance to chloride pitting. It is calculated from the composition of the individual heat, not from the grade name.
1.4432 therefore gives a PREN of about 25 to 30, typically 26 to 28. The figure for 1.4404 is about 23 to 28, typically 24 to 26. The difference of two to three points is useful in warm chloride service, but it does not make 1.4432 a substitute for duplex or super-austenitic steel. A182 F51 (1.4462 duplex) reaches PREN 34 and A182 F44 (1.4547, 6 % Mo) exceeds 42.
Intergranular corrosion
With carbon held at 0.030 % maximum, 1.4432 is resistant to intergranular corrosion both in the delivery condition and in the sensitised condition under EN 10088. This is the main advantage of the low-carbon grades. Parts can be welded and put into service without a post-weld solution anneal, and without the stabilising titanium or niobium used in A182 F347.
Resistance can be verified on request by EN ISO 3651-2, the Strauss test, or by ASTM A262 Practice E.
Limits of the grade
- Chloride stress corrosion cracking. 1.4432 remains susceptible above about 60 °C in chloride-bearing environments, as do all standard austenitic grades. Higher molybdenum does not prevent it. Duplex grades resist it.
- Prolonged exposure at 425 to 815 °C. Carbide precipitation is slowed by the low carbon but not stopped. Avoid this window for long holds.
- Sigma phase. Extended exposure above about 550 °C can embrittle molybdenum-bearing austenitic steels.
- Strong reducing acids. Hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid attack 1.4432 at almost any concentration. Nickel alloys such as Hastelloy C-276 or Alloy 20 are used in that service.
6. 1.4432 compared with 1.4404, 1.4435 and 1.4571
These four grades are often ordered interchangeably. The differences look small on paper but they matter in service.
| Property | 1.4432 X2CrNiMo17-12-3 |
1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 |
1.4435 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 |
1.4571 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nearest AISI | 316L | 316L | 316L | 316Ti |
| Carbon, max % | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.08 |
| Chromium % | 16.5 to 18.5 | 16.5 to 18.5 | 17.0 to 19.0 | 16.5 to 18.5 |
| Nickel % | 10.5 to 13.0 | 10.0 to 13.0 | 12.5 to 15.0 | 10.5 to 13.5 |
| Molybdenum % | 2.50 to 3.00 | 2.00 to 2.50 | 2.50 to 3.00 | 2.00 to 2.50 |
| Stabilised with Ti | No | No | No | Yes |
| Typical PREN | 26 to 28 | 24 to 26 | 26 to 29 | 24 to 26 |
| Ferrite content | Low | Low | Very low, below 0.5 % | Low |
| Usual application | Chloride and brine service needing extra Mo without changing steel family | General-purpose 316L, widest availability and lowest cost | Pharmaceutical and urea service, ferrite-free welds | Service above 400 °C where carbide stabilisation matters |
Compositions from EN 10088-1. PREN values are calculated from typical mill analyses using PREN = %Cr + 3.3 %Mo + 16 %N and vary from heat to heat.
Selection
- 1.4432 where the drawing or the corrosion assessment calls for a minimum 2.5 % Mo but the design is otherwise a standard 316L design.
- 1.4404 where 316L with no molybdenum floor is sufficient. It costs less and is easier to source at short notice.
- 1.4435 for pharmaceutical, biotech and urea plant work, where the higher nickel and the controlled delta ferrite matter more than cost.
- 1.4571 only where sustained high-temperature service makes titanium stabilisation worthwhile. It is a higher-carbon grade and polishes less well.
7. Forging and heat treatment of 1.4432
1.4432 cannot be hardened by heat treatment. Its strength comes from solid-solution alloying and, where required, from cold work. The heat treatment that matters is the solution anneal, which dissolves chromium carbides and restores corrosion resistance after hot working.
| Operation | Temperature | Practice |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-heat and soak | 850 to 900 °C | Heat slowly and evenly. Austenitic steel conducts heat poorly, so thick sections need a full soak |
| Forging start | 1150 to 1200 °C | Do not exceed 1200 °C because of grain coarsening and incipient melting |
| Forging finish | ≥ 900 °C | Finishing below 900 °C risks cracking and leaves residual stress |
| Solution anneal | 1020 to 1120 °C | Hold to section thickness, then cool rapidly by water quench through 800 to 500 °C |
| ASTM A182 F316L minimum | ≥ 1040 °C | Water quench or rapid cooling by other means |
| Stress relief, optional | Below 425 °C | Above this temperature the carbide precipitation risk returns |
| Avoid holding at | 425 to 815 °C | Sensitisation range, and the sigma-phase window above about 550 °C |
Ranges per EN 10088-3 Annex A and ASTM A182/A182M Table 3, as applied in our production route.
After forging, all 1.4432 parts are pickled and passivated to remove scale and the chromium-depleted layer left by hot working. Leaving this step out is a common shortcut, and it removes most of the corrosion resistance that the extra molybdenum was paid for.
8. Forged products and size ranges
We are an open-die forging works. Parts are forged to customer drawing or to a rough-machined envelope, as single pieces or in production batches, with no die tooling cost. The shapes below are produced in 1.4432.
| Product form | Size range | Also known as |
|---|---|---|
| Forged round bars and shafts | Ø 80 to 1200 mm, length to 6000 mm | Rods, forged bar stock, stepped shafts, axles |
| Forged square and rectangular flat bars | Thickness 50 to 800 mm, width to 1200 mm | Blocks, slabs, flats, rectangular billets |
| Seamless rolled rings | OD 200 to 3000 mm, wall from 25 mm, height to 800 mm | Rolled rings, forged rings, flange blanks, raceways |
| Forged discs, blanks and plates | Ø 200 to 2500 mm, thickness 30 to 600 mm | Discs, disks, circular blanks, tube sheets, blind flanges |
| Forged hollow bars, sleeves and cylinders | OD 150 to 1500 mm, ID from 60 mm, length to 4000 mm | Bushes, bushings, barrels, casings, shells, hubs, housings, piping blanks |
| Unit weight | 20 kg to 10000 kg per piece | Not applicable |
Sizes outside these ranges are often possible. Ask before ruling a part out. Supply condition: forged, solution annealed, pickled and passivated, rough machined or proof machined to drawing as required.
9. Applications
1.4432 is specified where 316L weldability and formability are needed together with a guaranteed molybdenum floor for chloride resistance.
- Chemical and petrochemical processing. Reactor internals, valve bodies, pump casings, heat exchanger tube sheets, agitator shafts
- Offshore, marine and shipbuilding. Seawater pump and valve components, subsea housings, riser and manifold parts
- Desalination. High-pressure pump components, brine-side flanges and housings
- Pharmaceutical, biotech and food processing. Vessel flanges, valve bodies and shafts in polishable, crevice-free designs
- Pulp and paper. Digester and bleach-plant hardware exposed to chlorides
- Flue-gas desulphurisation. Scrubber internals and pump parts
- Cryogenic and LNG. Flanges and structural forgings down to −196 °C
- Power generation. Condenser and cooling-water circuit components
10. Testing, inspection and certification
Every 1.4432 forging leaving our works is traceable to a heat number. The tests below are available. Those marked as standard are performed on all orders.
| Test | Method | Scope |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical analysis | Optical emission spectrometry | Standard, per heat, checked against the 2.50 % Mo minimum |
| Tensile test | EN ISO 6892-1 / ASTM A370 | Standard, per heat and heat-treatment lot |
| Hardness | EN ISO 6506, Brinell | Standard |
| Charpy V-notch impact | EN ISO 148-1 / ASTM A370 | On request, including −196 °C |
| Intergranular corrosion | EN ISO 3651-2 / ASTM A262 Practice E | On request |
| Ultrasonic testing | EN 10228-3 / ASTM A388 | On request, to agreed acceptance class |
| Liquid penetrant testing | EN ISO 3452 / ASTM E165 | On request |
| Ferrite content | Feritscope / ASTM E562 | On request |
| Grain size | ASTM E112 | On request |
| Positive material identification | Portable XRF | On request |
| Dimensional report | Per approved drawing | Standard |
Certification. Material test certificates are issued to EN 10204 type 3.1 as standard. Type 3.2 certification with third-party witness, by TÜV, BV, LR, DNV, SGS or the customer's own inspector, is available on request and should be stated at order stage because it changes the inspection schedule.
11. What to include in an enquiry
A complete enquiry can be priced in one round. Please include:
- Grade and dual certification. For example "1.4432 / ASTM A182 F316L, dual certified", and whether 2.50 % Mo minimum is mandatory
- Drawing or dimensions. Finished or rough machined, with machining allowance if known
- Quantity. Per piece and annual, if it is a repeat part
- Supply condition. As forged, solution annealed, pickled, rough machined, proof machined
- Test and certification requirements. EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2, NDT scope, acceptance class
- Applicable codes. PED 2014/68/EU, ASME, NORSOK, customer specification
- Special requirements. Sulphur range, ferrite limit, grain size, surface finish, marking
- Destination port and required delivery date
12. Frequently asked questions
Is 1.4432 the same as 316L?
Not exactly. 1.4432 is one of several EN grades that map to AISI 316L / UNS S31603, but it specifies a narrower and higher molybdenum range of 2.50 to 3.00 %, where UNS S31603 allows 2.00 to 3.00 %. Every 1.4432 heat qualifies as 316L, but many 316L heats with 2.0 to 2.4 % Mo do not qualify as 1.4432. If a drawing says 1.4432, a certificate stating only 316L is not sufficient evidence of compliance. Check the molybdenum figure on the certificate.
What is the difference between 1.4432 and 1.4404?
Molybdenum content. 1.4432 requires 2.50 to 3.00 % Mo and 1.4404 requires 2.00 to 2.50 %. Chromium, nickel, carbon and the mechanical requirements are otherwise close to identical. The result is a pitting resistance equivalent number about two to three points higher for 1.4432, typically 26 to 28 against 24 to 26, which matters in warm chloride environments such as seawater, brine and bleach. 1.4404 costs less and is more widely stocked.
What is the PREN of 1.4432?
Using PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N, 1.4432 gives about 24.8 at the specification minimum and 30.2 at the specification maximum. Typical mill heats fall between 26 and 28. PREN is a ranking index calculated from the actual heat analysis rather than a property of the grade name, so ask for the mill certificate if the value is critical to your corrosion assessment.
Can 1.4432 be welded without post-weld heat treatment?
In most cases yes. Carbon is capped at 0.030 %, which suppresses chromium carbide precipitation in the heat-affected zone, and EN 10088 records the grade as resistant to intergranular corrosion in both the delivery and the sensitised condition. All common processes apply: TIG, MIG, SMAW, SAW and plasma. Matching filler is normally AWS ER316L or E316L, or ER317L where extra molybdenum in the weld metal is wanted. Post-weld solution annealing is needed only for severe corrosion service or where the design code requires it.
Is 1.4432 magnetic?
No. In the solution annealed condition 1.4432 is austenitic and effectively non-magnetic, with a relative permeability of 1.02 or below. Cold work such as machining, straightening or heavy grinding can transform some austenite to martensite and produce slight local magnetism. A solution anneal restores the non-magnetic condition.
What is the maximum service temperature of 1.4432?
For corrosion-critical service, avoid sustained exposure between 425 and 815 °C, where chromium carbides precipitate. The low carbon slows this but does not prevent it over long holds. Prolonged exposure above about 550 °C also risks sigma-phase embrittlement in molybdenum-bearing austenitic steels. For structural service the design allowables are set by the applicable pressure code rather than by the grade alone. At the cold end, 1.4432 is used down to −196 °C.
Can 1.4432 be hardened by heat treatment?
No. It is an austenitic stainless steel and does not respond to quench-and-temper hardening. Strength can be raised only by cold work, which takes tensile strength from about 490 to 700 MPa in the annealed condition to about 750 to 780 MPa in the cold-worked condition, at the cost of ductility and some loss of non-magnetic behaviour. Where high hardness is required in a stainless forging, a precipitation-hardening grade such as 17-4PH or PH13-8Mo is used instead.
What forged shapes can be produced in 1.4432?
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal open-die forges 1.4432 into round bars and shafts, square and rectangular flat bars and blocks, seamless rolled rings, discs, blanks and plates, and hollow bars, sleeves, bushes, cylinders, casings and housings. Open-die forging needs no dies, so one-off and small-batch parts carry no tooling cost. Unit weights run from 20 kg to 10000 kg.
What certification is supplied with 1.4432 forgings?
EN 10204 type 3.1 material test certificates are issued as standard. They cover heat analysis, mechanical test results, the heat-treatment record and dimensional conformity, all traceable to the heat number. Type 3.2 certification with third-party witness inspection is available on request and must be agreed before production starts.
Which standard governs 1.4432 forgings?
Composition comes from EN 10088-1. For forgings the governing delivery standards are EN 10222-5, steel forgings for pressure purposes covering martensitic, austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steels, in Europe, and ASTM A182 Grade F316L in the ASME world. EN 10088-3 covers bars and semi-finished products. EN 10088-2 covers sheet, plate and strip and should not be cited against a forging.
Where can I buy 1.4432 forgings?
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. manufactures 1.4432 open-die forgings at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China, and exports worldwide. Send a drawing or dimensions to sales@steelforgepieces.com or call +86-189-2135-9659 for a quotation.
Request a quotation for 1.4432 forgings
Send a drawing, a sketch or the dimensions and quantity. Quotations for standard forged shapes are normally returned within one working day.
Manufacturer
The technical data on this page is published by Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., an open-die forging works producing stainless steel, nickel alloy, tool steel, alloy steel and carbon steel forgings for export.
- Company Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.
- Business Open-die forging factory. Bars, rings, discs, hollow sections
- Address No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China
- Telephone +86-189-2135-9659
- Email sales@steelforgepieces.com
- Website www.steelforgepieces.com
- Hours Monday to Saturday, 08:00 to 18:00 China Standard Time (UTC+8)
- Serves Worldwide export
References
- EN 10088-1, Stainless steels. Part 1: List of stainless steels. European Committee for Standardization.
- EN 10088-2, Stainless steels. Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes. European Committee for Standardization. The 2024 edition supersedes 2014, which superseded 2005.
- EN 10088-3, Stainless steels. Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes. European Committee for Standardization.
- EN 10222-5, Steel forgings for pressure purposes. Part 5: Martensitic, austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steels. European Committee for Standardization.
- ASTM A182/A182M, Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service. ASTM International.
- EN 10204, Metallic products. Types of inspection documents. European Committee for Standardization.
- Directive 2014/68/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of pressure equipment.
Standards are cited for identification. Work from the current purchased edition of any standard before using it contractually. This page is a technical summary and not a substitute for the standard.