2.4632 / Nimonic 90 / UNS N07090 / NiCr20Co18Ti Forging Parts

2.4632 Key Facts at a Glance

Short answer: 2.4632 is the German Werkstoff number for the wrought nickel-chromium-cobalt superalloy also known as UNS N07090, NiCr20Co18Ti, BS HR2, AMS 5829, GH4090 and the trademark Nimonic® 90. It is strengthened by γ′ Ni₃(Al,Ti) precipitation, retains useful creep strength to about 920 °C, and is supplied by Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. as forged rings, discs, shafts, bars and hot-work tooling.

Property values on this page are typical published values for solution-treated and aged bar and forgings, compiled from the standards and references listed in § Technical references. They are indicative for design screening. Guaranteed values for any specific order are those stated on the EN 10204 material test certificate issued for that heat.

What Forged Products Are Available in 2.4632 / UNS N07090?

Short answer: Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. supplies 2.4632 as seamless rolled rings, forged discs and disks, forged shafts and spindles, flanges, round and flat bars, sleeves, bushings, tube sheets, forged pipes and tubes, valve components, gear blanks and custom near-net-shape forgings to drawing.

2.4632 is a difficult alloy to hot work — its γ′ volume fraction narrows the forging window and its flow stress at temperature is roughly three times that of an austenitic stainless steel. Route selection therefore matters more than it does for 17-4PH or 4140. We use four routes:

What Is 2.4632 / Nimonic 90 / UNS N07090?

Short answer: 2.4632 is a wrought, age-hardenable nickel-chromium-cobalt superalloy containing nominally 20 % chromium, 18 % cobalt, 2.4 % titanium and 1.4 % aluminium, balance nickel. The titanium and aluminium precipitate as coherent γ′ Ni₃(Al,Ti) particles during ageing, giving high stress-rupture and creep strength for continuous service up to about 920 °C (1,690 °F).

2.4632 sits in the middle of the classic Nimonic ladder. Nimonic 75 (2.4630) is a solid-solution alloy with almost no γ′. Nimonic 80A (2.4631/2.4952) adds Ti and Al for roughly 15 vol.% γ′. 2.4632 keeps that γ′ chemistry and adds ~18 % cobalt, which lowers the stacking-fault energy of the matrix, raises the γ′ solvus, and pushes useful creep strength roughly 50–80 °C higher than 80A. Above 2.4632, Nimonic 105 (2.4634) and Nimonic 115 increase Al+Ti and add molybdenum for still higher temperature capability — at the cost of forgeability that quickly becomes prohibitive.

Three consequences of that chemistry drive every specification decision on this page:

• The alloy must be aged after forming. In the solution-treated condition 2.4632 is relatively soft and formable. Full properties only exist after the ageing step, and any subsequent thermal excursion above about 750 °C begins to dissolve and coarsen the γ′.
• The forging window is narrow. The γ′ solvus sits near 1,000–1,020 °C. Finishing a forging below that temperature means working through a two-phase field with sharply rising flow stress and a real risk of surface and internal cracking.
• Welding is genuinely difficult. With Al + Ti near 3.8 wt %, 2.4632 falls firmly in the strain-age-cracking-susceptible region of the Prager–Shira diagram. Fabrication sequences that would be routine in Inconel 625 are not routine here.

2.4632 is fully austenitic (FCC) in all conditions and therefore essentially non-magnetic, with relative permeability around 1.003 — a useful distinguishing check against martensitic grades such as 17-4PH / UNS S17400.

What Are the Equivalent Designations and Standards for 2.4632?

Short answer: 2.4632, UNS N07090, NiCr20Co18Ti, BS HR2 / NA19, AMS 5829, MSRR 7017 / 7137, NCK20TA (AIR 9165), GH4090 and Nimonic® 90 all describe the same chemistry. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. accepts purchase orders written against any of them and issues a multi-designation material test certificate.

What Is the Chemical Composition of 2.4632 / UNS N07090?

Short answer: 2.4632 contains 18.0–21.0 % chromium, 15.0–21.0 % cobalt, 2.0–3.0 % titanium, 1.0–2.0 % aluminium, maximum 1.5 % iron, maximum 0.13 % carbon, maximum 0.020 % boron and maximum 0.15 % zirconium, with nickel as the balance.

The Pb / Bi / Ag trace limits are applied when the order calls for AMS 5829 or an equivalent aerospace specification. Trace-element control requires a VIM primary melt; state the requirement at RFQ stage because it affects raw-material sourcing and price. Typical mill analysis for our production heats: Cr 19.8 · Co 17.5 · Ti 2.45 · Al 1.42 · Fe 0.6 · C 0.07 · B 0.008 · Zr 0.06 · Ni balance.

How Do DIN 17744, AMS 5829, BS HR2 and GH4090 Actually Differ?

Short answer: the chemistry bands are near-identical; what differs is melt route, trace-element control, test direction, grain-size acceptance and NDT class. A single 2.4632 heat melted to aerospace trace limits will satisfy all four specifications simultaneously.

Practical takeaway. If you do not know which to specify, write UNS N07090 / W.-Nr. 2.4632, solution treated + aged on the purchase order and add AMS 5829 where applicable. We will cross-certify DIN 17744, BS HR2 and GH4090 on the same material test certificate at no extra cost. Full AMS 5829 aerospace certification is priced as a separate lot because of the extra melt control, transverse testing and stress-rupture testing burden.

What Are the Mechanical Properties of 2.4632 / UNS N07090?

Short answer: in the standard solution-treated and aged condition, 2.4632 typically shows 1,170–1,250 MPa (170–181 ksi) tensile strength, 750–810 MPa (109–118 ksi) 0.2 % proof strength and 25–33 % elongation at room temperature, with useful strength retained to about 800 °C and rapid fall-off above 900 °C.

Typical values for design screening, compiled from published superalloy data for this chemistry. Guaranteed minima are per the applicable specification and the certificate issued for the delivered heat. Transverse properties on heavy forgings are commonly 5–12 % below longitudinal; specify the test direction on the drawing when it matters. Room-temperature hardness after standard ageing is typically 330–380 HV (33–39 HRC).

Impact toughness and fatigue

Room-temperature Charpy V-notch energy in the aged condition is typically 25–45 J — respectable for a γ′-strengthened superalloy but well below a solution-annealed austenitic grade. Toughness rises with test temperature. Smooth-specimen rotating-bending fatigue limit at 10⁷ cycles is approximately 420–480 MPa at room temperature and roughly 330 MPa at 700 °C. As with all superalloys, surface condition dominates: an as-forged surface can reduce fatigue strength by 40–50 % relative to a ground and polished one, which is why fatigue-critical 2.4632 parts are machined all over and, where the design allows, shot-peened.

What Are the Creep and Stress-Rupture Properties of 2.4632?

Short answer: 2.4632 has a typical 1,000-hour rupture strength of about 465 MPa at 650 °C, 340 MPa at 700 °C, 240 MPa at 750 °C, 145 MPa at 815 °C and 56 MPa at 920 °C. Above roughly 920 °C its rupture strength falls below levels useful for load-bearing service.

Values generated from a Larson-Miller master curve (C = 20) fitted to published typical rupture data for this chemistry, so that this table and the calculator below return identical numbers. 100,000-hour figures are extrapolations and must not be used as guaranteed design allowables. For code-governed design, use the allowable stresses in the applicable design code and confirm with your own qualification testing.

What Are the Physical Properties of 2.4632?

Short answer: 2.4632 has a density of 8.18 g/cm³, a melting range of 1,310–1,370 °C, a room-temperature elastic modulus of about 213 GPa, thermal conductivity near 11.3 W/m·K, and it is non-magnetic.

What Is the Correct Heat Treatment for 2.4632?

Short answer: the standard cycle for 2.4632 bar, rings and forgings is solution treat 1,080 °C for 8 hours, air cool, then age at 700 °C for 16 hours, air cool. Sheet and thin strip are usually solution treated near 1,040–1,080 °C for a much shorter hold before the same ageing step.

How Oxidation- and Corrosion-Resistant Is 2.4632?

Short answer: the 18–21 % chromium content gives 2.4632 good resistance to oxidation in air and combustion gas up to about 950 °C through a protective Cr₂O₃ scale. It has no molybdenum, so it is not a wet-corrosion alloy — for acid or chloride service use Hastelloy C-276, Inconel 625 or Incoloy 825 instead.

• Air / combustion gas oxidation: good to about 950 °C in continuous service. Above that, scale spallation under thermal cycling becomes the life-limiting mechanism rather than creep.
• Type I hot corrosion (800–950 °C): moderate resistance. Sodium sulphate deposits from marine air or sulphur-bearing fuel will attack the Cr₂O₃ scale. Coatings are normal practice for marine gas-turbine hardware.
• Type II hot corrosion (650–800 °C): the more damaging regime for this alloy class. If your duty cycle dwells there with sulphate deposits, plan on a diffusion aluminide or MCrAlY coating.
• Carburising / nitriding: moderate. Higher-Cr, higher-Si grades such as Alloy 602 CA outperform it.
• Aqueous corrosion: comparable to a plain Ni-20Cr alloy — acceptable in fresh water and mild atmospheres, unsuitable for reducing acids, seawater immersion or sour service.

How Is 2.4632 Forged and Ring-Rolled?

Short answer: Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. forges 2.4632 from a start temperature of 1,120–1,180 °C with a finishing temperature not below 1,000 °C, using light incremental reductions and frequent reheats. Finishing below the γ′ solvus is the single most common cause of cracked 2.4632 forgings.

Two practical notes that save money on 2.4632 orders. First, order the billet, not just the part — trace the input material to a VIM or ESR heat with a documented ingot conversion route, because most 2.4632 forging failures we see on incoming third-party material trace back to unconverted centreline segregation, not to the forging shop. Second, allow enough machining stock: 2.4632 scales heavily in an air furnace and the alpha-case layer must come off. We allow 3–5 mm per surface on rings and discs unless the order specifies vacuum heat treatment.

Complete 2.4632 process flow at Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal

Can 2.4632 Be Welded and Machined?

Welding 2.4632 — the honest answer

Short answer: 2.4632 is weldable but difficult. With Al + Ti near 3.8 wt %, it sits in the strain-age cracking region of the Prager–Shira diagram. Weld only in the solution-treated condition, use a low-γ′ filler, and follow with a full re-solution and re-age.

• Condition: weld in the solution-treated (not aged) condition. Welding aged material almost guarantees heat-affected-zone cracking, because the γ′ re-precipitates during heating and the contraction strain arrives at exactly the wrong moment.
• Process: GTAW with argon shielding and full back purge is the default. Keep heat input low — typically below 1.0 kJ/mm — and interpass temperature below 100 °C.
• Filler: matching SNi7090 / BNi7090 filler gives matched creep strength but keeps the cracking risk. Where the joint is not the highest-stressed section, a lower-γ′ filler such as ERNiCrMo-3 (Inconel 625 type) or a Nimonic 263-type filler substantially reduces cracking risk at some loss of joint creep strength.
• Post-weld: full solution treatment plus re-age. A simple stress relief is not sufficient and can be actively harmful, because 700–850 °C is precisely the ageing range.
• Inspection: PT the weld and the HAZ after PWHT, not only after welding — strain-age cracks frequently appear during the post-weld thermal cycle rather than during welding.

Where the design allows, avoid welding altogether. This is one of the strongest arguments for a seamless rolled ring instead of a rolled-and-welded ring: no weld, no HAZ, continuous circumferential grain flow, and no PWHT distortion to machine out.

Machining 2.4632

Short answer: machinability of 2.4632 is roughly 12 % of B1112 free-machining steel. Machine in the solution-treated condition where possible, use rigid setups, low cutting speeds, positive rake, heavy constant feed and high-pressure coolant. Never let the tool dwell.

• Work hardening is the dominant problem. A rubbing tool creates a hardened layer that destroys the next pass. Maintain positive feed engagement at all times and take a depth of cut deeper than the previously hardened layer.
• Heat is the second problem — thermal conductivity is only 11.3 W/m·K, so nearly all the cutting heat goes into the tool. High-pressure through-tool coolant at 40–70 bar roughly doubles tool life on 2.4632.
• Tooling: fine-grain coated carbide (AlTiN / TiAlN) for general turning and milling; whisker-reinforced ceramic (SiCw-Al₂O₃) for high-speed roughing where the machine is rigid enough; CBN only for finishing hardened surfaces.
• Edges: sharp with a small honed radius. Excessive edge preparation increases cutting force and work hardening.
• Grinding: use soft, open-structure vitrified aluminium-oxide wheels, light infeed and flood coolant. 2.4632 grinds hot and burns easily; burn shows up later as a fatigue initiation site.

2.4632 vs Nimonic 80A, 105, 263, Waspaloy and Inconel 718 — Which Should You Use?

Short answer: choose 2.4632 when you need creep strength between 700 °C and 900 °C in a grade that is still practical to forge and reasonably priced. Below 700 °C, Inconel 718 is stronger and far easier to weld and machine. Above 900 °C under load, move to Nimonic 105 or Waspaloy. If the part must be extensively welded, Nimonic 263 is the right answer.

Where Is 2.4632 / UNS N07090 Used?

Short answer: 2.4632 is used for gas-turbine discs, blades, ring sections and casings; hot-working tools and die inserts; high-temperature springs and bolting; automotive and diesel exhaust valves; turbocharger hardware; and furnace and heat-treatment fixtures.

2.4632 Failure Modes and How to Prevent Them

These are the failure mechanisms we see most often on 2.4632 parts brought to us for replacement or root-cause review. Each is far cheaper to design out than to inspect for.

2.4632 Production Capability at Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal

Short answer: we produce 2.4632 seamless rolled rings to 2,500 mm outside diameter, forged discs to Ø 1,200 mm, shafts to 6 m length, bar from Ø 20–450 mm, and single-piece weights to 3,000 kg in this alloy, at our open-die forging factory at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China.

Envelopes above are the tested limits for 2.4632 specifically. Our carbon- and alloy-steel capability is considerably larger (rings to 6,000 mm, single pieces to 15,000 kg) because those grades do not have the narrow forging window that a γ′ superalloy imposes.

Which Standards, Tests and Certificates Apply to 2.4632 Forgings?

Short answer: 2.4632 forgings are normally supplied to DIN 17744 or AMS 5829, ultrasonically tested to EN 10228-3, SEP 1921 or ASTM A388, surface-inspected by liquid penetrant (the alloy is non-magnetic, so magnetic particle testing does not apply), and certified to EN 10204 3.1 as standard or EN 10204 3.2 with third-party witness on request.

How Do You Specify a 2.4632 Forging Order Correctly?

Short answer: state the designation, the delivery condition, the melt route, the drawing, the NDT class, the certificate type and the test direction. Those seven items eliminate almost every ambiguity that causes a rejected 2.4632 delivery.

1. Name the grade generically Write UNS N07090 / W.-Nr. 2.4632 (NiCr20Co18Ti). Avoid ordering "Nimonic 90" alone — it is a Special Metals trademark, and a purchase order written that way can strictly only be filled by the trademark holder.
2. State the delivery condition Solution treated only (for parts you will form or weld and heat treat yourself), or solution treated + aged (finished properties). Most finished parts ship aged. If you want the optional stabilisation step, say so.
3. Specify the melt route VIM + ESR is our standard. Add VAR or aerospace trace-element limits (Pb ≤ 20 ppm, Bi ≤ 1 ppm, Ag ≤ 5 ppm) only if the application needs them — they carry real cost and lead-time consequences.
4. Send the drawing or the size A 2D drawing or 3D model with dimensions, tolerances, surface roughness and — for forgings above 50 mm section — the required grain-flow direction. For rings, state OD × ID × height and whether contoured or rectangular.
5. Define the NDT requirement Ultrasonic acceptance class (EN 10228-3 class 1–4, or ASTM A388, or AMS-STD-2154 Class A/AA) plus penetrant requirements. Remember that magnetic particle testing is not applicable to this non-magnetic alloy.
6. Specify the mechanical test programme Longitudinal tensile is standard. Add transverse tensile, elevated-temperature tensile, Charpy or stress-rupture testing where the specification or the application requires it, and say where the coupons must come from (prolongation, sacrificial ring, integral test bar).
7. State the certificate and quantity EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2, marking requirements, quantity, target delivery date and destination port. Standard lead time for 2.4632 rings and discs is 10–14 weeks; 14–18 weeks with 3.2 third-party witness.

Top 10 Mistakes Engineers Make When Ordering 2.4632

1. Ordering by trademark instead of by specification A purchase order that says only "Nimonic 90" is a trademark call-out. Independent producers cannot legally supply under that brand name even when the chemistry is identical. Fix: specify UNS N07090 / W.-Nr. 2.4632 / NiCr20Co18Ti and reference AMS 5829 or DIN 17744 as the governing specification.
2. Not stating whether the part arrives aged or solution treated Both are legitimate delivery conditions with completely different hardness and machinability. This single omission causes more shipment disputes on superalloy orders than anything else. Fix: write "supplied solution treated + aged, 1,080 °C/8 h/AC + 700 °C/16 h/AC" or "supplied solution treated only".
3. Assuming 2.4632 is a corrosion-resistant alloy It is a heat-resistant alloy. There is no molybdenum in it. In reducing acids, seawater immersion or sour service it will not perform like C-276 or 625. Fix: for wet corrosion use Hastelloy C-276, Inconel 625 or Incoloy 825.
4. Designing a welded fabrication in 2.4632 With Al + Ti near 3.8 %, every weld is a strain-age cracking risk and every PWHT is another chance to crack. Fix: design out the weld — a seamless rolled ring has no HAZ. Where a weld is unavoidable, use a Nimonic 263-type or ERNiCrMo-3 filler and plan a full re-solution and re-age. Check with the weldability tool.
5. Specifying magnetic particle inspection 2.4632 is fully austenitic and non-magnetic. An MT call-out on the drawing simply cannot be performed and will come back as a technical query, costing a week. Fix: specify liquid penetrant testing to EN ISO 3452 or ASTM E1417 instead.
6. Leaving the forging finish temperature to the supplier Finishing below the γ′ solvus near 1,000 °C is the dominant cause of cracked 2.4632 forgings. Fix: put "finish forging temperature ≥ 1,000 °C, pyrometer recorded" on the drawing or the purchase specification and ask for the record with the certificate.
7. Using it above 920 °C under load 2.4632 oxidises acceptably to about 950 °C but its rupture strength has collapsed well before that. Oxidation limit and mechanical limit are not the same number. Fix: run the Larson-Miller tool; above 920 °C under stress move to Nimonic 105 or a cast alloy.
8. Forgetting to specify grain size and test direction on discs Transverse properties on a heavy forging can be 5–12 % below longitudinal. If the drawing is silent, you get longitudinal test results and no information about the direction that actually carries the load. Fix: state ASTM E112 grain size acceptance and specify transverse tensile testing on forgings over 100 mm section.
9. Not allowing enough machining stock Air-furnace heat treatment of 2.4632 produces heavy scale plus an alpha case that must be removed. Steel-grade stock allowances are not sufficient. Fix: allow 3–5 mm per surface on rings and discs, or specify vacuum heat treatment for a bright finish and reduced stock.
10. Not tracing the input billet Most 2.4632 quality failures originate in unconverted ingot segregation, not in the forging operation. Fix: require VIM+ESR (or VAR) input, forging ratio ≥ 4:1, and macroetch acceptance to ASTM E381 on the first article.

How Should 2.4632 Be Called Out on an Engineering Drawing?

Copying the block below into the material callout of your drawing removes most of the ambiguity that generates technical queries and re-quotes. Adjust the NDT class, test direction and certificate level to suit your application.

MATERIAL:      UNS N07090 / W.-Nr. 2.4632 / NiCr20Co18Ti
               (also satisfies AMS 5829, DIN 17744, BS HR2, GH4090)

MELT ROUTE:    VIM + ESR minimum
               // Add VAR + Pb =< 20 ppm / Bi =< 1 ppm / Ag =< 5 ppm for aerospace

CONDITION:     Solution treated 1080 degC / 8 h / air cool
               + Aged 700 degC / 16 h / air cool
               // State "solution treated only" if ageing is done after machining

FORGING:       Forging ratio => 4:1 ; finish forging temperature => 1000 degC,
               pyrometer recorded. Grain flow circumferential (rings) /
               longitudinal parallel to primary axis (shafts).

GRAIN SIZE:    ASTM E112 grain size 3-7, reported on certificate

HARDNESS:      330-380 HV after ageing, checked at 3 locations

NDT:           UT per EN 10228-3 quality class 3 (or ASTM A388 / SEP 1921)
               PT per EN ISO 3452-1 / ASTM E1417 Type I, Sensitivity Level 3
               // MT NOT APPLICABLE - alloy is non-magnetic

TESTING:       Tensile per EN ISO 6892-1, longitudinal + transverse
               Elevated-temperature tensile at ___ degC (if required)
               Stress rupture per ASTM E139 at ___ degC / ___ MPa (if required)

SURFACE:       Ra =< 1.6 um on sealing and bearing surfaces
               Ra =< 3.2 um elsewhere. No grinding burn permitted.

CERTIFICATION: EN 10204 3.1 mill certificate
               // Or 3.2 with third-party witness (Lloyd's / DNV / BV / ABS / TUV)

MARKING:       Heat number, specification, condition and drawing number
               low-stress stamped or vibro-etched on a non-functional surface

Glossary — 2.4632 Terms

2.4632

German Werkstoff (material) number for the wrought nickel-chromium-cobalt superalloy NiCr20Co18Ti, equivalent to UNS N07090.

UNS N07090

Unified Numbering System designation for the same chemistry — the generic name preferred on purchase orders.

NiCr20Co18Ti

DIN chemical short designation: nickel base with nominally 20 % chromium, 18 % cobalt and titanium as the principal hardener.

Nimonic® 90

Registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation for this alloy. Generic equivalents: 2.4632, UNS N07090, AMS 5829, BS HR2, GH4090.

GH4090

Chinese national designation (formerly GH90) for the 2.4632 chemistry.

AMS 5829

SAE Aerospace Material Specification covering UNS N07090 bars, forgings and rings in the solution-treated and precipitation-hardened condition.

γ′ (gamma prime)

The ordered Ni₃(Al,Ti) intermetallic phase, coherent with the FCC matrix, that provides the strength of 2.4632. Approximately 20 vol.% after standard ageing.

γ′ solvus

The temperature (~1,000–1,020 °C for 2.4632) above which γ′ dissolves. It defines both the solution-treatment temperature and the minimum forging finish temperature.

Solution treatment

Heating above the γ′ solvus (1,080 °C for 8 h) and air cooling, to dissolve coarse γ′ and homogenise the structure before ageing.

Ageing / precipitation hardening

Holding at 700 °C for 16 h to nucleate fine, coherent γ′ particles that impede dislocation motion.

Stress rupture

The time to fracture under constant load at elevated temperature — the governing design property for 2.4632 above about 650 °C.

Larson-Miller parameter (LMP)

A time–temperature parameter, LMP = T(K) × (C + log₁₀ t), used to collapse rupture data from different temperatures onto one master curve. C = 20 is standard for this alloy class.

Strain-age cracking

Intergranular cracking in welds and heat-affected zones of γ′ alloys, caused by contraction strain coinciding with γ′ re-precipitation during heating. Governed largely by Al + Ti content.

Type I / Type II hot corrosion

Sulphate-induced high-temperature attack. Type I occurs at roughly 800–950 °C, Type II at 650–800 °C; the latter is generally the more damaging regime for this alloy class.

Alpha case

The oxygen- and scale-affected surface layer formed during air heat treatment, which must be machined off. It is why 2.4632 needs more machining stock than steel.

Seamless rolled ring

A ring produced by piercing and radial-axial rolling rather than by rolling and welding plate. It has no weld, no heat-affected zone and continuous circumferential grain flow.

EN 10204 3.1 / 3.2

Inspection-certificate types. 3.1 is issued by the manufacturer's own independent inspection department; 3.2 is countersigned by an independent third party or the customer's representative.

EN 10228-3

European standard for ultrasonic testing of ferritic or martensitic steel forgings, widely applied by extension as the acceptance reference for superalloy forgings.

Frequently Asked Questions About 2.4632 / UNS N07090

How to Cite This Page

Technical References

Composition, property, heat-treatment and inspection data on this page are compiled from the published standards and engineering references below. Test results reported on any material test certificate we issue are independent measurements made on calibrated equipment traceable to national standards.

1. DIN 17744:2002, Wrought nickel alloys with molybdenum and chromium — Chemical composition, Deutsches Institut für Normung, Berlin.
2. DIN 17742:2002, Wrought nickel alloys with chromium — Chemical composition, DIN, Berlin.
3. SAE AMS 5829, Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings and Rings, 20Cr–18Co–2.5Ti–1.5Al, Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated, SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
4. BS 3075 / BS HR2, HR202, HR402, HR501–503, Nickel and nickel alloys — specifications for wrought products, British Standards Institution, London.
5. MSRR 7016 / 7017 / 7137, Ministry of Defence Rolled Material Specifications, UK MoD.
6. AIR 9165, designation NCK20TA, Bureau de Normalisation de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace, France.
7. GB/T 14992, Classification and designation of high-temperature alloys and intermetallic compound materials (GH4090), Standardization Administration of China.
8. Special Metals Corporation, NIMONIC alloy 90 technical publication, Publication SMC-080.
9. ASM Handbook, Volume 1: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys, 10th edition, ASM International, Materials Park, OH — section on wrought heat-resistant alloys.
10. ASM Handbook, Volume 4E: Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys, ASM International — precipitation hardening of nickel-base superalloys.
11. ASM Handbook, Volume 14A: Metalworking — Bulk Forming, ASM International — forging of nickel-base superalloys and ring rolling.
12. Donachie, M.J. and Donachie, S.J., Superalloys: A Technical Guide, 2nd edition, ASM International, 2002.
13. Reed, R.C., The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
14. Sims, C.T., Stoloff, N.S. and Hagel, W.C. (eds.), Superalloys II, John Wiley & Sons, 1987.
15. Prager, M. and Shira, C.S., "Welding of Precipitation-Hardening Nickel-Base Alloys", Welding Research Council Bulletin No. 128, 1968.
16. Larson, F.R. and Miller, J., "A Time–Temperature Relationship for Rupture and Creep Stresses", Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 74, 1952, pp. 765–775.
17. EN 10228-3, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings — Part 3: Ultrasonic testing of ferritic or martensitic steel forgings, CEN, Brussels.
18. SEP 1921, Ultrasonic testing of steel forgings, Stahl-Eisen-Prüfblatt, Verein Deutscher Eisenhüttenleute.
19. ASTM A388/A388M, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings, ASTM International.
20. ASTM E1417/E1417M, Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing, ASTM International.
21. EN ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 1: General principles, CEN/ISO.
22. EN ISO 6892-1 and -2, Metallic materials — Tensile testing at room temperature and at elevated temperature, ISO, Geneva.
23. ASTM E139, Standard Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials, ASTM International.
24. ASTM E112, Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size, ASTM International.
25. EN 10204:2004, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents, CEN, Brussels.
26. ISO 9001:2015, Quality management systems — Requirements, ISO, Geneva.

Standards cited are the most recent revisions known at the time of the last page review. For procurement, always reference the revision in force at the contract date. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Related Grades and Product Pages

Engineers comparing 2.4632 usually also look at these grades and forms. Each page carries the same composition, property, heat-treatment and specification detail.