Is 1.4562 the same as Alloy 31 and UNS N08031?
Yes. 1.4562, Alloy 31 and UNS N08031 are three names for one alloy. 1.4562 is the European material number under EN 10088, X1NiCrMoCu32-28-7 is its EN name, UNS N08031 is the American designation and Alloy 31 is the commercial name. Nicrofer 3127 hMo and VDM Alloy 31 are mill trade names for the same chemistry.
On a purchase order, state the UNS number together with the product standard, for example "UNS N08031 forgings per ASTM B564", rather than a trade name on its own. This prevents substitution with a similar but non-equivalent grade.
| System | Designation | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| EN material number | 1.4562 | EN 10088, EN 10222-5 |
| EN name | X1NiCrMoCu32-28-7 | DIN designation |
| UNS | N08031 | ASTM, SAE |
| Commercial names | Alloy 31, Nicrofer 3127 hMo | Mill trade names |
| Bar, rod, wire, forgings | ASTM B581 / B649 | ASME SB-581, SB-649 |
| Nickel-alloy forgings | ASTM B564 | ASME SB-564 |
| Plate, sheet, strip | ASTM B625 | ASME SB-625 |
| Seamless pipe and tube | ASTM B622 | Welded pipe: ASTM B619 |
| Pressure-vessel approval | VdTÜV 509 | Wall temperature −196 to 550 °C |
| German steel sheet | SEW 400 | Stahl-Eisen-Werkstoffblatt |
| Sour service | NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 | Qualifiable. State the required level in the enquiry |
1.4562 chemical composition (UNS N08031)
The composition below is the specification range for UNS N08031 and EN 1.4562, in mass percent. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal melts 1.4562 by EAF + VOD + ESR. This route lowers sulfur and oxygen content and produces a clean ingot with low segregation, which heavy forgings require.
| Element | Symbol | Min. | Max. | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon | C | – | 0.015 | Ultra-low, for weldability without post-weld heat treatment |
| Silicon | Si | – | 0.30 | Kept low to limit intermetallic phases |
| Manganese | Mn | – | 2.00 | Deoxidiser, nitrogen solubility |
| Phosphorus | P | – | 0.020 | Residual |
| Sulfur | S | – | 0.010 | Residual. ESR reduces it further |
| Chromium | Cr | 26.0 | 28.0 | Passive film, main PREN contributor |
| Nickel | Ni | 30.0 | 32.0 | Stabilises austenite, SCC resistance |
| Molybdenum | Mo | 6.0 | 7.0 | Pitting and crevice corrosion resistance |
| Nitrogen | N | 0.15 | 0.25 | Strength and austenite stability, suppresses sigma phase |
| Copper | Cu | 1.0 | 1.4 | Resistance to sulfuric and phosphoric acid |
| Iron | Fe | Balance | Matrix | |
Pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN)
PREN is calculated as PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N. With mid-range chemistry of 27 % Cr, 6.5 % Mo and 0.20 % N the calculated value is about 51. The grade is normally specified as PREN 48 minimum. 904L reaches about 35 and 254 SMO about 43, so 1.4562 is specified where those grades pit in chloride-bearing acid.
Order note. If your specification requires a minimum PREN, state it in the enquiry. We report the calculated PREN from the actual heat analysis on the mill test certificate.
1.4562 mechanical properties at room temperature
Values below are the specified minima for solution-annealed and quenched material to ASTM B625 (plate, sheet, strip) and ASTM B649 (bar and wire). Forgings are supplied to the same minima unless your specification states otherwise.
| Property | Symbol | Metric | Imperial |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength | Rm | 650 MPa min. | 94 ksi min. |
| 0.2 % proof strength | Rp0.2 | 276 MPa min. | 40 ksi min. |
| Elongation after fracture | A | 40 % min. | 40 % min. |
| Reduction of area | Z | Reported on the mill test certificate | |
| Impact energy (Charpy V) | KV | To customer specification. State temperature and minimum value | |
| Hardness | HB / HRB | Reported on the mill test certificate | |
1.4562 has moderate strength and high ductility, so heavy sections forge and upset well. The alloy work-hardens, so cold forming above about 15 % reduction must be followed by a final solution anneal.
1.4562 physical properties
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Density | 8.05 g/cm³ (0.291 lb/in³) |
| Melting range | 1330-1370 °C (2426-2498 °F) |
| Crystal structure | Face-centred cubic austenite |
| Relative magnetic permeability | About 1.001, practically non-magnetic |
| Modulus of elasticity | About 195 GPa |
| Approved wall temperature | −196 to 550 °C (VdTÜV 509) |
The 0.2 % nitrogen addition stabilises the austenite and suppresses precipitation of sigma and chi phases, allowing a 6 % Mo alloy to be used in thick forged sections. Full thermal expansion and conductivity curves are available on request.
How we forge and heat-treat 1.4562
1.4562 has a narrow hot-working window and a high solution-annealing temperature, so process control matters more than for a standard austenitic stainless steel. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal uses the following route for 1.4562 open-die forgings.
- Melting by EAF + VOD + ESRElectric arc melt, vacuum oxygen decarburisation to hold carbon at or below 0.015 %, then electroslag remelting for a clean ingot with low segregation.
- SoakingCharge the ingot into a furnace already at the top forging temperature and hold until the section is uniformly through-heated.
- Open-die forging at 1200 to 1050 °CStart at 1200 °C and finish above 1050 °C. Reheat rather than forge below the finishing temperature. Sufficient total reduction is applied to close ingot porosity and align grain flow with the part geometry.
- Ring rollingPunch and expand on the radial-axial ring mill for seamless rolled rings, keeping the ring inside the hot-working range throughout.
- Solution annealing at 1150 to 1180 °CHold at temperature, then water quench. Cooling through 1100 to 500 °C must exceed roughly 150 °C per minute to keep sigma and chi phases out of the microstructure.
- Descaling and picklingCorrosion resistance is only achieved on a metallically bright, clean surface. Grinding, pickling or shot blasting per the order.
- Machining allowanceRough machined to the drawing with agreed stock, or supplied as-forged with the allowance stated on the order.
- Testing and certificationChemistry, mechanical test, ultrasonic examination and, where required, intergranular corrosion testing, documented on EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2.
Solution annealing. If a 1.4562 forging cools slowly from forging heat, intermetallic phases precipitate at the grain boundaries and the pitting resistance is lost. Every 1.4562 forging we ship is solution annealed and quenched. The furnace temperature and cooling record are available on request.
Welding
1.4562 should be welded in the solution-annealed condition by TIG, MIG/MAG or plasma processes, on clean, metallically bright material. Over-alloyed filler is normal practice, either ERNiCrMo-13 (Alloy 59 type) or a matching N08031 filler. Remove heat tint immediately after welding. The ultra-low carbon content means post-weld heat treatment is generally not required for corrosion reasons.
1.4562 forged product forms we supply
Every item below is produced to customer drawing in 1.4562 / Alloy 31 / UNS N08031. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal is an open-die forging factory, so one-off and small-batch parts are normal production. Minimum order quantity is one piece.
Seamless rolled rings
Radial-axial rolled rings for vessel shells, flange blanks, bearing races and tower internals.
Forged flanges
Weld-neck, blind, slip-on and special flanges for acid and chloride duty.
Forged round bars
Peeled, ground or as-forged bar for pump shafts, stems and machined components.
Discs and blanks
Solid and bored discs, tube sheets and cover plates for heat exchangers.
Sleeves and bushings
Hollow forgings and bored bushings for pumps, agitators and subsea hardware.
Shafts and spindles
Stepped shafts, eccentric shafts and spindles for agitators, pumps and compressors.
Valve components
Valve bodies, bonnets, seat rings, stems and blocks for ball, gate, globe, check and plug valves.
Pipe and tube forgings
Forged hollows, nozzles, manifolds and reducers for pressure-vessel connections.
Send the drawing or the finished dimensions with the machining allowance and we will confirm whether the part is inside our size range for this grade.
Where 1.4562 forgings are used
1.4562 sits between high-alloy austenitic stainless steels and nickel-base alloys. It is specified where chlorides and acids occur together and a 6 Mo stainless steel no longer has sufficient margin.
Phosphoric acid production
Wet-process digesters, agitator shafts, pumps and piping, where erosion corrosion by acid plus abrasive slurry is the failure mode.
Sulfuric acid plants
Coolers, heat exchangers and pickling equipment in pure and contaminated sulfuric acid up to about 80 °C.
Flue gas desulfurisation
Scrubber internals, absorber components and nozzles in chloride-rich, low-pH FGD environments.
Seawater and desalination
Brine heaters, evaporator components, pump and valve parts in high-chloride service.
Oil and gas, sour service
Wellhead and Christmas-tree components, valve parts and downhole hardware qualifiable to NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156.
Pulp and paper
Chlorine dioxide bleaching plant components, where both localised and general corrosion attack conventional stainless steel.
Hydrometallurgy
HPAL autoclave internals and ore-leaching equipment handling hot acid chloride slurries.
Pressure vessels
Shell rings, tube sheets, nozzles and flanges approved for wall temperatures from −196 to 550 °C under VdTÜV 509.
1.4562 vs 904L, 254 SMO, Alloy 625 and C-276
The figures below are nominal and are given for grade selection only, not for design.
| Grade | UNS | Ni % | Cr % | Mo % | PREN | Relative cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 904L (1.4539) | N08904 | 23-28 | 19-23 | 4-5 | about 35 | Low |
| 254 SMO (1.4547) | S31254 | 17.5-18.5 | 19.5-20.5 | 6.0-6.5 | about 43 | Medium |
| 1.4562 / Alloy 31 | N08031 | 30-32 | 26-28 | 6-7 | 48 min. | Medium to high |
| Alloy 625 | N06625 | 58 min. | 20-23 | 8-10 | about 51 | High |
| Hastelloy C-276 | N10276 | Balance | 14.5-16.5 | 15-17 | about 70 | Very high |
- From 904L or 254 SMO. 1.4562 is the usual next step when pitting or crevice attack appears in chloride-bearing acid. The higher nickel content also improves resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking.
- Against C-276 or Alloy 59. In wet-process phosphoric acid and in sulfuric acid up to about 80 °C, 1.4562 often performs comparably at a lower cost per forged part.
- Sour service. Unlike 904L, 1.4562 can be qualified to NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156. State the required level in the enquiry.
- Limits. For hot concentrated hydrochloric acid, wet chlorine and reducing acid service above roughly 80 °C, a nickel-base alloy such as C-276 or Alloy 59 remains the correct choice.
We forge every grade in this table. See Hastelloy C-276 forgings, Inconel 625 forgings and Alloy 59 forgings.
Testing and certification for 1.4562 forgings
Non-destructive examination
- Ultrasonic testing to EN 10228-3, SEP 1921 or ASTM A388, to the quality class stated on your order
- Dye penetrant examination to ASTM E165 on machined surfaces
- Dimensional inspection against the customer drawing
Material and corrosion testing
- Chemical analysis of the heat, with calculated PREN reported
- Tensile, impact and hardness testing on the delivered condition
- Intergranular corrosion testing to ASTM G28 method A on request
- Metallographic check for intermetallic phase and grain size
Documentation
Certificates are issued to EN 10204 3.1 as standard, or EN 10204 3.2 countersigned by a third-party inspection body such as SGS, BV, TUV or Lloyd's where your project requires it. Positive material identification, heat traceability and the solution-annealing record accompany the shipment.
How to request a 1.4562 forging quote
Send a drawing if you have one. If you do not, the six items below are enough for us to price a 1.4562 forging.
- Grade and standardState both designations: "1.4562 / UNS N08031 per ASTM B564". Add NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 if the part is for sour service.
- Shape and dimensionsDrawing in PDF, DWG or STEP, or the OD, ID, H and W figures above with machining allowance.
- Quantity and delivery dateSingle pieces are accepted. Give the required on-site date rather than a lead time.
- Delivery conditionAs-forged, rough machined or finish machined. Solution annealed and quenched is standard.
- Testing requirementsUT class, impact test temperature, intergranular corrosion test, PMI, and whether third-party witness is needed.
- Certificate typeEN 10204 3.1, or 3.2 with the inspection body named.
1.4562 questions buyers ask
What is 1.4562 steel?
1.4562 is a super-austenitic stainless steel, also called Alloy 31 or UNS N08031, containing 30-32 % nickel, 26-28 % chromium, 6-7 % molybdenum, 1.0-1.4 % copper and 0.15-0.25 % nitrogen, with iron as the balance. Its full EN name is X1NiCrMoCu32-28-7. It is used where chlorides and strong acids occur together.
Is 1.4562 the same as Alloy 31 and UNS N08031?
Yes, they are one alloy under three naming systems. 1.4562 is the EN material number, UNS N08031 is the American designation and Alloy 31 is the commercial name. Nicrofer 3127 hMo and VDM Alloy 31 are mill trade names for the same chemistry. Specify the UNS number plus a product standard on the purchase order.
What is the PREN of 1.4562?
1.4562 has a PREN of at least 48, and typically around 51 using mid-range chemistry in the formula PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N. For comparison, 904L is about 35 and 254 SMO about 43. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal reports the calculated PREN from the actual heat analysis on every mill test certificate.
What is the forging temperature for 1.4562?
1.4562 is hot worked between 1200 °C and 1050 °C. Start forging at 1200 °C and stop before the piece drops below 1050 °C, then reheat rather than continue forging cold. Charge the workpiece into a furnace already at the maximum hot-forming temperature, and cool rapidly in water or air after forming.
Does 1.4562 need solution annealing after forging?
Yes. 1.4562 must be solution annealed at 1150-1180 °C and water quenched, with cooling through the 1100 to 500 °C range faster than about 150 °C per minute. Without it, sigma and chi phases precipitate at the grain boundaries and the alloy loses the pitting resistance it was specified for. Optimum corrosion resistance also requires a clean, metallically bright surface.
Can 1.4562 be welded?
Yes, weldability is good. Weld in the solution-annealed condition using TIG, MIG/MAG or plasma processes with over-alloyed filler such as ERNiCrMo-13 (Alloy 59 type) or a matching N08031 filler. The carbon ceiling of 0.015 % means post-weld heat treatment is generally not needed for corrosion reasons. Remove heat tint immediately after welding.
Is 1.4562 approved for sour service under NACE MR0175?
1.4562 / UNS N08031 can be qualified to NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 for sour service, which is one of its advantages over 904L. The qualification level depends on the partial pressures of H₂S and CO₂, chloride content and temperature in your service envelope, so state the required level and environment in the enquiry.
Is 1.4562 magnetic?
In practice, no. 1.4562 has a fully face-centred-cubic austenitic structure and a relative magnetic permeability of about 1.001 at 20 °C in the solution-annealed condition, so it is treated as non-magnetic. Heavy cold work can raise permeability slightly.
What is the maximum service temperature of 1.4562?
Under VdTÜV material data sheet 509, 1.4562 is approved for pressure-vessel wall temperatures from −196 °C to 550 °C. In corrosive service the practical ceiling is lower. In pure and contaminated sulfuric acid, 1.4562 performs well up to roughly 80 °C.
What certificates do you supply with 1.4562 forgings?
EN 10204 3.1 as standard, or EN 10204 3.2 countersigned by a third-party body such as SGS, BV, TUV or Lloyd's. Certificates cover heat chemistry with calculated PREN, mechanical test results, ultrasonic examination to EN 10228-3, SEP 1921 or ASTM A388, the solution-annealing record, and heat traceability.
Who supplies 1.4562 forged rings and bars in China?
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. is an open-die forging factory at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China, producing 1.4562 (Alloy 31 / UNS N08031) seamless rolled rings, flanges, round bars, discs, sleeves, tube sheets, shafts and valve components to customer drawing. Contact +86 189 2135 9659 or sales@steelforgepieces.com for a quotation.
What is the minimum order quantity for 1.4562 forgings?
One piece. Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal forges on open dies rather than closed tooling, so there is no die cost to amortise and single prototype forgings are quoted on the same basis as production runs.
1.4562 forgings from Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. is an open-die forging factory in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China, supplying forged components in carbon steel, alloy steel, tool steel, stainless steel and nickel alloys, including 1.4562 / Alloy 31 / UNS N08031, to customer drawing and specification.
- Company
- Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.
- Address
- No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China
- Telephone
- +86 189 2135 9659
- sales@steelforgepieces.com
- Website
- www.steelforgepieces.com
- Process
- Open-die forging, radial-axial ring rolling, solution annealing, machining