Stainless steel forgings · EN 10088 · Made to order in Jiangyin, China
1.4310 / X10CrNi18-8 Stainless Steel Forgings
Also specified as AISI 301 · UNS S30100 · JIS SUS301 · GB/T 12Cr17Ni7 · ISO X10CrNi18-8
Open-die forgings and seamless rolled rings in EN 1.4310, melted, forged, solution annealed and machined in one works in Jiangyin, China, with the standard data engineers need to specify the grade correctly.
- Melted on site: EAF · LF · VOD
- Solution annealed (+AT)
- UT to EN 10228-4
- EN 10204 3.1 / 3.2
- From 10 kg
On this page
- Key facts and quick answers
- Forged products available
- What is 1.4310?
- Equivalent grades
- Chemical composition
- Mechanical properties
- Physical properties
- Corrosion resistance
- Forging and heat treatment
- Welding and machining
- 1.4310 vs 1.4318, 1.4301, 17-7PH
- Applications
- Testing and certificates
- How to order, weight tool
- FAQ
- About the manufacturer
- How to cite this page
- Technical references
§ 01 · Key facts
1.4310 in brief: key facts and quick answers
1.4310 (X10CrNi18-8) is a metastable austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel standardised in EN 10088, with 16.0–19.0 % chromium, 6.0–9.5 % nickel and 0.05–0.15 % carbon. Its closest US equivalent is AISI 301 (UNS S30100). Because part of its austenite transforms to martensite when cold worked, it work-hardens faster than 1.4301 (304) and is the most widely used stainless spring steel. It cannot be hardened by heat treatment: forgings are supplied solution annealed, where EN 10088-3 requires Rm 500–750 MPa, Rp0.2 ≥ 195 MPa and A ≥ 40 % for sections up to 40 mm.
Supplier of the forgings described on this page: Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., an integrated steel-melting and open-die forging works established in 1997 at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China (postcode 214423). The works melts 1.4310 in its own electric arc furnace, ladle furnace and VOD, forges it on 2,000–6,300 t presses and 1–6 m ring mills, solution anneals and machines it on site, and ships it with EN 10204 3.1 certificates, or 3.2 on request. Telephone +86 189 2135 9659, e-mail sales@steelforgepieces.com.
Sixteen facts an engineer usually needs first
- EN designation
- 1.4310 · X10CrNi18-8 (EN 10088-1)
- Former DIN name
- X12CrNi17-7
- Closest equivalents
- AISI 301 / UNS S30100 · JIS SUS301 · GB/T 12Cr17Ni7
- Alloy family
- Metastable austenitic Cr-Ni stainless steel
- Main alloying
- Cr 16.0–19.0 % · Ni 6.0–9.5 % · C 0.05–0.15 %
- Molybdenum
- None added; ≤ 0.80 % allowed as a residual
- Density
- 7.9 g/cm³ (0.285 lb/in³)
- Elastic modulus
- 200 GPa, annealed, 20 °C
- Annealed strength
- Rm 500–750 MPa · Rp0.2 ≥ 195 MPa · A ≥ 40 %
- Hardening
- Cold work only; not hardenable by heat treatment
- Magnetic?
- Practically no when annealed; yes after cold work
- Hot working
- About 1,200–900 °C
- Solution annealing
- 1,000–1,100 °C, water or air
- Intergranular corrosion
- Not rated resistant in EN 10088 (C up to 0.15 %)
- Forged forms
- Rings, rolled rings, discs, shafts, bars, flanges, sleeves
- Minimum order · lead time
- 10 kg · 20–60 days
§ 02 · Forged products
Which 1.4310 forged products can Jiangnan Metal supply?
Rings, seamless rolled rings, discs, shafts, bars, flanges, sleeves and custom open-die forgings, made to drawing from steel melted at the works. The plant envelope runs from rings of 50 mm outside diameter to rolled rings of 6,000 mm, shafts up to 14 m and single pieces up to 30 t. For 1.4310 the practical limit is usually the section that can be cooled fast enough after solution annealing, so each drawing is checked for feasibility.
Seamless rolled rings
Radial-axial rolled on 1 m, 3 m and 6 m mills, rectangular or contoured section.
Forged rings
Upset-and-punched rings for sections outside the ring-mill envelope, from 50 mm OD.
Discs, blanks and tube sheets
Solid forged discs and covers, proof-machined for ultrasonic testing.
Shafts and spindles
Straight and stepped shafts, spindles and pins, turned up to 14 m long.
Bars and blocks
Round, square and flat forged bars and blocks for machined parts.
Flanges and flange blanks
Flanges and flange blanks machined to your drawing.
Sleeves, bushings and hollow bars
Hollow forgings bored from solid, up to Ø1,600 × 10,000 mm.
Valve and machine parts
Stems, seat rings, spring seats, retainers and gear blanks to drawing.
| Product | Size limit | Set by |
|---|---|---|
| Seamless rolled rings | Up to OD 6,000 mm | 6 m radial-axial ring mill |
| Forged rings | From OD 50 mm | Upset-and-punch route below the ring-mill range |
| Discs, tube sheets, blocks | Up to Ø5,000 mm machined | Ø5,000 mm vertical lathe |
| Shafts | Up to 14,000 mm turned length | Horizontal lathe; 15 m well-type furnace |
| Hollow forgings | Up to Ø1,600 × 10,000 mm bored | CNC deep-hole drilling machine |
| Single-piece weight | Up to 30 t | 6,300 t hydraulic press |
These are the plant limits. For 1.4310 the quench-section limit after solution annealing usually governs first.
Delivery conditions
- As forged and solution annealed, with machining allowance.
- Proof-machined to a clean envelope suitable for ultrasonic testing.
- Finish-machined to drawing tolerances.
§ 03 · The grade
What is 1.4310 / X10CrNi18-8 stainless steel?
1.4310 is a chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel whose austenite is deliberately metastable. With nickel at 6.0–9.5 % and carbon up to 0.15 %, part of the austenite transforms into strain-induced martensite during cold deformation, which gives 1.4310 one of the steepest work-hardening curves of the standard stainless grades.
That behaviour is why cold-rolled strip to EN 10151 and drawn spring wire to EN 10270-3 in 1.4310 are among the most widely used stainless spring materials. Strip in hard spring tempers reaches tensile strengths of roughly 1,300 to 1,800 MPa, and a low-temperature treatment at about 280–420 °C after heavy cold work can add more than 250 MPa.
A forging is a different product. Forged 1.4310 is supplied solution annealed, where it is soft, very tough and practically non-magnetic, with strength close to that of 1.4301. It is usually specified because a drawing, customer standard or approval names the grade, typically for parts that are cold-formed after machining or that work alongside 1.4310 springs, rather than for its annealed strength.
In the annealed state its corrosion resistance is good in atmospheric, fresh-water and mild food-processing environments, slightly below that of 1.4301 because of the lower nickel content, and it decreases as cold deformation increases. The limits are set out under corrosion resistance.
§ 04 · Designations
What are the equivalents of 1.4310?
The closest equivalents are AISI 301 (UNS S30100), JIS SUS301 and Chinese GB/T 12Cr17Ni7. Many European tables cross-reference 1.4310 to AISI 302 instead, because its upper limits of 19.0 % Cr and 9.5 % Ni overlap Type 302, the usual US grade for spring wire. None of these is an exact match, so compare both standards before substituting one for another.
| Standard / region | Designation | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Europe · EN 10088-1 | 1.4310 · X10CrNi18-8 | Reference designation; the steel number and steel name identify the same grade |
| Germany · former DIN | X12CrNi17-7 | Superseded name, still found on older drawings |
| International · ISO 15510 | X10CrNi18-8 (4310-301-00-I) | ISO designation and ISO number |
| USA · ASTM A240 / A666 (AISI) | Type 301 · UNS S30100 | Closest match; Cr ≤ 18.0 %, Ni ≤ 8.0 %, Si ≤ 1.00 % |
| USA · ASTM A313 spring wire | Type 302 · UNS S30200 | Often listed against 1.4310 for wire; Ni 8.0–10.0 % |
| Japan · JIS G 4303 / G 4304 / G 4305 | SUS301 | Bars, hot-rolled and cold-rolled flat products |
| China · GB/T 20878 | 12Cr17Ni7 (S30110) | Former designation 1Cr17Ni7 |
| UK · BS (withdrawn) | 301S21 | Historical British designation |
Orders can be written under any of these designations; the inspection certificate states the standard against which the heat was tested.
§ 05 · Chemistry
What is the chemical composition of 1.4310?
Per EN 10088: C 0.05–0.15, Si ≤ 2.00, Mn ≤ 2.00, P ≤ 0.045, S ≤ 0.015, Cr 16.0–19.0, Mo ≤ 0.80, Ni 6.0–9.5, N ≤ 0.11, balance Fe, in weight per cent (heat analysis). 1.4310 contains no intentional molybdenum; the 0.80 % limit is a ceiling for residuals.
| Element | EN 10088 · 1.4310 | ASTM A240 · Type 301 | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.05–0.15 | ≤ 0.15 | Strength; also sets the sensitisation risk |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤ 2.00 | ≤ 1.00 | Deoxidiser |
| Manganese (Mn) | ≤ 2.00 | ≤ 2.00 | Deoxidiser; austenite stabiliser |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.045 | ≤ 0.045 | Residual impurity |
| Sulphur (S) | ≤ 0.015 | ≤ 0.030 | Residual; kept low for cleanliness |
| Chromium (Cr) | 16.0–19.0 | 16.0–18.0 | Passive film and corrosion resistance |
| Nickel (Ni) | 6.0–9.5 | 6.0–8.0 | Austenite stability; the low level makes it metastable |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | ≤ 0.80 | n/a | Residual only, not an alloy addition |
| Nitrogen (N) | ≤ 0.11 | ≤ 0.10 | Interstitial strengthener; austenite stabiliser |
| Iron (Fe) | Balance | Balance | Matrix |
How EN 1.4310 and ASTM Type 301 differ
A heat made to 1.4310 can fall outside Type 301 if it carries more than 18.0 % Cr, 8.0 % Ni or 1.00 % Si, while a heat made to Type 301 can fail 1.4310 on sulphur above 0.015 % or carbon below 0.05 %. When both standards apply, say so on the enquiry so the heat is aimed at the overlap: C 0.05–0.15, Si ≤ 1.00, S ≤ 0.015, Cr 16.0–18.0, Ni 6.0–8.0 and N ≤ 0.10 %. Chemistry is checked at the furnace and reported as heat analysis on the inspection certificate.
§ 06 · Mechanical properties
What are the mechanical properties of 1.4310?
In the solution-annealed condition in which forgings are supplied, EN 10088-3 requires Rm 500–750 MPa, Rp0.2 ≥ 195 MPa, Rp1.0 ≥ 230 MPa, A ≥ 40 % and ≤ 230 HB for sections up to 40 mm. Annealed cold-rolled strip is stronger (Rp0.2 ≥ 250 MPa, Rm 600–950 MPa), and hard spring tempers reach about 1,300–1,800 MPa, but those levels come from cold rolling, which a forging does not receive.
| Product and condition | Standard | Rp0.2, MPa | Rp1.0, MPa | Rm, MPa | A, % | Hardness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bars, rods and forgings ≤ 40 mm, solution annealed (+AT) | EN 10088-3 | ≥ 195 | ≥ 230 | 500–750 | ≥ 40 | ≤ 230 HB |
| Cold-rolled strip ≤ 8 mm, annealed (transverse) | EN 10088-2 | ≥ 250 | ≥ 280 | 600–950 | ≥ 40 | n/a |
| Plate, sheet and strip, annealed (Type 301) | ASTM A240 | ≥ 205 | n/a | ≥ 515 | ≥ 40 | ≤ 217 HBW |
| Cold-rolled spring strip, hard tempers (typical, not minimum) | EN 10151 | n/a | n/a | ≈ 1,300–1,800 | n/a | n/a |
EN 10088-3 lists properties for 1.4310 only up to 40 mm. For heavier forgings the acceptance values, test-piece position and direction are agreed on the order, usually taking the 40 mm values as the basis and testing a prolongation or a sacrificial piece from the same heat-treatment batch. Actual results for each heat and batch are reported on the EN 10204 certificate.
§ 07 · Physical properties
What are the physical properties of 1.4310?
Density 7.9 g/cm³, elastic modulus 200 GPa, thermal conductivity 15 W/(m·K), specific heat 500 J/(kg·K), electrical resistivity 0.73 Ω·mm²/m and mean thermal expansion 16.0 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ between 20 and 100 °C, the EN 10088-1 reference values for the annealed condition.
| Property | Value | Condition |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.9 g/cm³ (0.285 lb/in³) | 20 °C |
| Modulus of elasticity | 200 GPa | 20 °C, annealed; published values for this grade range 195–210 GPa |
| Modulus of elasticity at temperature | 194 / 186 / 179 / 172 / 165 GPa | 100 / 200 / 300 / 400 / 500 °C |
| Modulus of elasticity, spring strip | ≈ 185–195 GPa | Cold rolled; varies with temper and direction |
| Mean coefficient of thermal expansion | 16.0 / 17.0 / 18.0 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ | 20–100 / 20–300 / 20–500 °C |
| Thermal conductivity | 15 W/(m·K) | 20 °C |
| Specific heat capacity | 500 J/(kg·K) | 20 °C |
| Electrical resistivity | 0.73 Ω·mm²/m | 20 °C |
| Relative magnetic permeability | ≈ 1.0002–1.004 | Annealed; rises with cold work |
| Melting point | ≈ 1,410 °C | Typical |
§ 08 · Corrosion
How corrosion-resistant is 1.4310?
Good in atmospheric, fresh-water and mild food and beverage environments, but lower than 1.4301 (304) because of its lower nickel and higher carbon content. It is not a choice for chloride-rich water, seawater or acids, and its resistance drops as cold deformation increases.
- Sensitisation. With up to 0.15 % carbon, holding or slow cooling between about 850 °C and 450 °C precipitates chromium carbides at the grain boundaries. EN 10088 therefore does not rate 1.4310 as resistant to intergranular corrosion, although correctly solution-annealed and quenched material performs well. An intergranular corrosion test to ASTM A262 or ISO 3651-2 can be added to the order.
- Cold work. Strain-induced martensite lowers corrosion resistance, so heavily cold-worked surfaces are more vulnerable than annealed ones.
- Better choices for harsher media. 316L (1.4404) for chlorides, a duplex steel such as SAF 2205 for seawater, and a low-carbon grade for welded equipment.
§ 09 · Forging and heat treatment
How is 1.4310 forged and heat-treated?
At Jiangnan Metal, 1.4310 is melted in the works’ own EAF, LF and VOD line, hot-worked between about 1,200 °C and 900 °C, then solution annealed at 1,000–1,100 °C and cooled rapidly, in water for heavy sections, so that carbon stays in solution. Every step runs on one site and is traceable from the melt number to the shipped part.
- Melt and refine25 t electric arc furnace, ladle furnace and VOD (30 t / 60 t); chemistry aimed at the order.
- Remelt if specifiedProtective-atmosphere ESR (3 t / 6 t) for a cleaner remelted ingot.
- HeatUniform heating into the hot-working range; long soaks avoided to limit grain growth.
- Forge or ring-roll2,000 t, 4,000 t or 6,300 t presses; 1 m, 3 m or 6 m ring mills; finish above about 900 °C.
- Solution anneal1,000–1,100 °C, soaked by section, then rapid cooling; water for heavy sections.
- MachineAs-forged allowance, proof-machined for UT, or finish-machined to drawing.
- Test and certifyHeat analysis, tensile, hardness, UT to EN 10228-4; EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2.
Why the quench matters
Rapid cooling after solution annealing matters more for 1.4310 than for low-carbon grades such as 1.4307. Cooling slowly through about 850–450 °C gives chromium carbides time to form on the grain boundaries, which is also why the size of a 1.4310 forging is limited by how fast its section can be cooled rather than by press capacity.
Working range
Below about 900 °C the flow stress of 1.4310 rises sharply and the surface can tear, so pieces are reheated rather than worked colder. Cold-worked spring parts are a separate case: a low-temperature treatment at about 280–420 °C raises their strength, but it does not apply to annealed forgings.
§ 10 · Fabrication
Can 1.4310 be welded and machined?
Yes, with care. Weld with a low-carbon 308L-type filler at interpass temperatures below about 200 °C and expect sensitisation in the heat-affected zone; machine with sharp positive-rake tools and a steady feed, because the steel work-hardens quickly.
Welding
1.4310 can be welded by TIG, MIG/MAG and manual metal arc. Low-carbon austenitic fillers of the 19 9 L type (AISI 308L, 1.4316) are normally used, with the interpass temperature kept below about 200 °C. The heat-affected zone of a steel with 0.10–0.15 % carbon sensitises readily, so for welded parts in corrosive service either solution anneal after welding or choose a low-carbon grade such as 1.4318 (301LN) or 1.4307 (304L). Welding also removes the strength of any cold-worked zone.
Machining
Machinability is broadly similar to 1.4301 (304), but the metastable austenite hardens under the tool. Use sharp positive-rake carbide, rigid set-ups, generous coolant and a feed that keeps the edge below the work-hardened layer, and avoid dwelling or rubbing cuts. Heavily machined surfaces can become slightly magnetic.
§ 11 · Grade selection
1.4310 vs 1.4318, 1.4301 and 17-7PH: which should you specify?
Choose 1.4310 when a drawing or spring application calls for the highest cold-work strength of the standard Cr-Ni grades; 1.4318 (301LN) when similar strength must survive welding; 1.4301 (304) when corrosion resistance and weldability matter more than strength; and 17-7PH (1.4568) when springs need precipitation-hardened strength.
| Property | 1.4310 | 1.4318 | 1.4301 | 1.4568 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EN steel name | X10CrNi18-8 | X2CrNiN18-7 | X5CrNi18-10 | X7CrNiAl17-7 |
| US designation | 301 · S30100 | 301LN · S30153 | 304 · S30400 | 631 · S17700 (17-7PH) |
| Carbon, % | 0.05–0.15 | ≤ 0.030 | ≤ 0.07 | ≤ 0.09 |
| Chromium, % | 16.0–19.0 | 16.5–18.5 | 17.5–19.5 | 16.0–18.0 |
| Nickel, % | 6.0–9.5 | 6.0–8.0 | 8.0–10.5 | 6.5–7.8 |
| Key addition | n/a | N 0.10–0.20 | n/a | Al 0.70–1.50 |
| Strengthened by | Cold work, fast | Cold work plus nitrogen | Cold work, slower | Cold work or conditioning, then ageing |
| Welded parts | HAZ sensitises; anneal after welding | Good, low carbon | Good | Re-solution and age after welding |
| Typical choice | Springs, high-strength formed parts | Welded high-strength structures such as rail-vehicle bodies | General corrosion-resistant parts | Springs and parts needing precipitation-hardened strength |
17-7 PH® is a registered trademark of Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. Jiangnan Metal supplies the generic UNS S17700 / EN 1.4568 chemistry; see the 17-7PH forging page.
§ 12 · Applications
Where is 1.4310 used?
Mostly as cold-rolled strip and spring wire: springs, spring washers and clips, hose clamps, conveyor belts, automotive trim and the body structures of rail and road vehicles. In forged form it is specified for machined parts that belong to those assemblies or that are cold-formed after machining.
As strip and wire
- Coil, flat, leaf and spiral springs, typically for service up to about 300 °C
- Spring washers, clips and retaining springs
- Hose clamps and conveyor belts
- Automotive trim, wheel covers and high-strength sheet
- Rail-car, truck and trailer body structures
- Knives, blades and kitchen equipment
As forgings, made to drawing
- Seamless rolled and forged rings, discs and blanks
- Spring seats, retainers and cups for spring assemblies
- Shafts, spindles, pins and bushings
- Valve stems, seat rings and small valve components
- Blanks that are cold-formed, rolled or burnished after machining
§ 13 · Testing and certificates
Which tests and certificates come with 1.4310 forgings?
Heat analysis, tensile and hardness results and ultrasonic testing are reported on an EN 10204 3.1 certificate as standard; 3.2 certificates witnessed by BV, DNV, LR, SGS, TÜV or your own inspector are available on request. For austenitic forgings such as 1.4310, ultrasonic testing is specified to EN 10228-4, not EN 10228-3, which covers ferritic and martensitic steels.
| Test | Standard or method | Where |
|---|---|---|
| Heat analysis | Optical emission spectrometry (ASTM E415); C and S by infrared combustion (ASTM E1019) | In-house laboratory |
| Positive material identification | Handheld alloy analyser, piece by piece where specified | In-house |
| Tensile test: Rp0.2, Rp1.0, Rm, A, Z | ISO 6892-1 / ASTM A370 | In-house, 600 kN and 300 kN machines |
| Hardness | Leeb (ASTM A956) in-house; bench Brinell (ISO 6506-1) when the specification requires it | In-house or accredited laboratory |
| Ultrasonic testing | EN 10228-4 for austenitic forgings; ASTM A745 or A388, or SEP 1921 for bars, when specified | In-house; acceptance class per order |
| Surface inspection | Liquid penetrant (ISO 3452-1 / ASTM E165); magnetic particle testing does not work on annealed austenitic steel | Per order |
| Intergranular corrosion | ASTM A262, for example Practice E, or ISO 3651-2 | Accredited third-party laboratory |
| Grain size | ASTM E112 | In-house metallography |
| Dimensions and visual | To drawing | In-house |
| Inspection certificate | EN 10204 3.1 standard; 3.2 witnessed by BV, DNV, LR, SGS, TÜV or your inspector | n/a |
If an older specification calls for EN 10228-3 on an austenitic forging, it is raised at the enquiry stage and EN 10228-4 is proposed instead.
§ 14 · Ordering
How do you order 1.4310 forgings?
Send six items and a firm price normally comes back within two working days: grade and standard, dimensions or drawing, quantity, delivery condition, testing, and certificate with destination. Supply is made to order from steel melted at the works; the minimum order is 10 kg and the lead time 20–60 days.
| # | Item | 1.4310 example |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Material grade and standard | EN 10088-3 1.4310 (X10CrNi18-8), or 1.4310 plus ASTM A240 Type 301 dual chemistry |
| 2 | Dimensions or drawing | Ring OD 620 × ID 480 × H 120 mm · PDF, DWG, DXF or STEP |
| 3 | Quantity and repeat volume | 40 pcs, about two lots per year |
| 4 | Delivery condition | Solution annealed (+AT), proof-machined for UT |
| 5 | Testing | UT to EN 10228-4 quality class 3, room-temperature tensile, IGC to ASTM A262 Practice E |
| 6 | Certificate and destination | EN 10204 3.1 · CIF Hamburg |
1.4310 forging weight and enquiry helper
Estimates the net weight at 7.9 g/cm³ and drafts an enquiry e-mail. Add machining allowance for the rough forging weight, often 20–35 %.
Formula: mass in kg = volume in mm³ × 7.9 × 10⁻⁶. Solid round: π/4 × D² × L. Ring: π/4 × (D² − d²) × L. Block: L × W × T.
§ 15 · FAQ
Frequently asked questions about 1.4310
What is 1.4310 stainless steel equivalent to?
The closest equivalents of EN 1.4310 (X10CrNi18-8) are AISI/ASTM Type 301 (UNS S30100), JIS SUS301 and Chinese GB/T 12Cr17Ni7, formerly 1Cr17Ni7. Many European tables list AISI 302 instead, the usual US grade for stainless spring wire. The chemistry limits differ slightly between these standards, so compare them before substituting one grade for another.
Is 1.4310 the same as 304 (1.4301)?
No. 1.4310 has less nickel (6.0–9.5 % against 8.0–10.5 %) and more carbon (0.05–0.15 % against 0.07 % maximum) than 1.4301. Its austenite is therefore metastable and work-hardens much faster, which suits springs and high-strength formed parts, while 1.4301 offers better corrosion resistance and weldability.
Is 1.4310 stainless steel magnetic?
In the solution-annealed condition 1.4310 is practically non-magnetic, with a relative permeability close to 1. Cold working turns part of the austenite into strain-induced martensite, so cold-rolled strip, spring wire and heavily machined or cold-formed surfaces become noticeably magnetic. Solution annealing restores the non-magnetic state.
Can 1.4310 be hardened by heat treatment?
No. Like other austenitic stainless steels, 1.4310 does not harden on quenching. It gains strength only through cold working, and cold-worked springs are often given a low-temperature treatment at about 280–420 °C to raise their strength further. Forgings are supplied in the solution-annealed condition.
Does 1.4310 contain molybdenum?
No molybdenum is added intentionally. EN 10088 allows up to 0.80 % Mo as a residual element in 1.4310, and ASTM Type 301 has no molybdenum requirement. Where molybdenum is needed for chloride resistance, a grade such as 1.4404 (316L) is the usual choice.
What is the forging temperature of 1.4310?
1.4310 is hot-worked between about 1,200 °C and 900 °C. After forging it is solution annealed at 1,000–1,100 °C and cooled rapidly, in water for heavier sections, so that carbon stays in solution and full ductility and corrosion resistance are restored.
Is 1.4310 weldable?
Yes. It can be welded by TIG, MIG/MAG or manual metal arc, normally with a low-carbon 308L-type filler and an interpass temperature below about 200 °C. Its carbon content makes the heat-affected zone prone to sensitisation, so for welded parts in corrosive service either solution anneal after welding or specify a low-carbon grade such as 1.4318 or 1.4307.
Which ultrasonic testing standard applies to 1.4310 forgings?
EN 10228-4, the part of EN 10228 for austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steel forgings. EN 10228-3 covers ferritic and martensitic steels and is the wrong reference for 1.4310. When an order is written to ASTM practice, ASTM A745 or ASTM A388 is used as specified.
How large can 1.4310 forgings be?
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal rolls rings up to 6,000 mm outside diameter, machines discs up to 5,000 mm diameter and shafts up to 14 m long, and forges single pieces up to 30 t. For 1.4310 the practical limit is usually the section that can be cooled fast enough after solution annealing, so every drawing is checked for feasibility at the enquiry stage.
What is the minimum order and lead time for 1.4310 forgings?
The minimum order is 10 kg, with no minimum piece count. Lead time is 20 to 60 days from order confirmation: 1.4310 melted without a remelting step sits at the lower end, while an ESR ingot, third-party witnessing or corrosion testing adds time. A quotation normally follows within two working days of a complete enquiry.
Who manufactures 1.4310 forgings in China?
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., an integrated steel-melting and open-die forging works established in 1997 in Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, manufactures 1.4310 / X10CrNi18-8 forged rings, seamless rolled rings, discs, shafts and bars to customer drawings. Contact: +86 189 2135 9659 (phone, WhatsApp, WeChat) or sales@steelforgepieces.com.
§ 16 · Manufacturer
About the manufacturer and the authors of this page
This page is written and maintained by the metallurgical engineering team of Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., an integrated melting and open-die forging works in Jiangyin, Jiangsu, operating since 1997.
Unlike a forge that buys billet, the plant melts its own steel, so a 1.4310 forging can be traced from its melt number through forging, heat treatment and machining to shipment. The works employs 460 people, including 9 senior and 32 intermediate engineers, holds CCS, BV, DNV, LR and NK approvals, and exports to North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia-Pacific. Property data on this page come from the standards listed under technical references; binding values are those of the agreed specification and the inspection certificate for each heat.
- Legal name
- Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.
- Business
- Integrated melting works, open-die forge and ring rolling mill
- Established
- 1997
- Employees
- 460, including 9 senior engineers, 32 intermediate engineers and 140 technicians
- Plant
- No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China · postcode 214423
- Melting
- EF · LF · VOD · VIM · VAR · ESR
- Forging
- 6,300 t press · 6 m ring mill · 30 t maximum piece
- Approvals
- CCS · BV · DNV · LR · NK
- Phone · WhatsApp · WeChat
- +86 189 2135 9659
- Office hours
- Monday–Saturday, 08:00–17:30 China Standard Time (UTC+8)
More on the plant: melt shop, equipment, quality and testing and contact and plant visits.
§ 17 · Citation
How to cite this page
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. (2026). 1.4310 / X10CrNi18-8 Stainless Steel Forgings: Technical Data and Supply. Updated 22 September 2026. https://www.steelforgepieces.com/Stainless-Steel/1.4310.html
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§ 18 · References
Technical references
- EN 10088-1, Stainless steels. Part 1: List of stainless steels.
- EN 10088-2, Stainless steels. Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes.
- EN 10088-3, Stainless steels. Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes.
- EN 10151, Stainless steel strip for springs. Technical delivery conditions.
- EN 10270-3, Steel wire for mechanical springs. Part 3: Stainless spring steel wire.
- ISO 15510, Stainless steels. Chemical composition.
- ASTM A240/A240M, Chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel plate, sheet, and strip for pressure vessels and for general applications.
- ASTM A666, Annealed or cold-worked austenitic stainless steel sheet, strip, plate, and flat bar.
- ASTM A313/A313M, Stainless steel spring wire.
- EN 10228-4, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings. Part 4: Ultrasonic testing of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steel forgings.
- ASTM A388/A388M, Ultrasonic examination of steel forgings; ASTM A745/A745M, Ultrasonic examination of austenitic steel forgings.
- ASTM A262, Detecting susceptibility to intergranular attack in austenitic stainless steels; ISO 3651-2, Determination of resistance to intergranular corrosion of stainless steels.
- EN 10204, Metallic products. Types of inspection documents.
- GB/T 20878, Stainless and heat-resisting steels. Designation and chemical composition.
Values on this page are given for information and follow the standards above. Binding values are those of the specification agreed on the order and of the inspection certificate for each heat.