# ASTM A565 Grade 616 Forgings (UNS S42200 / AISI 422)

**Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. melts and forges ASTM A565 Grade 616 at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China.**

Grade 616 is a hardenable martensitic chromium stainless steel bar and forging grade for high-temperature service, designated UNS S42200 and commonly called AISI 422. Molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium additions give it creep strength and scaling resistance. ASTM A565 limits these steels to 1200 F [650 C] where strength at temperature is a factor, and calls them useful to 1450 F [790 C] for oxidation resistance at low stresses.

| Field | Detail |
|---|---|
| Specification | ASTM A565 / A565M Grade 616 |
| UNS | S42200 |
| Other names | AISI 616, AISI 422, SAE 51422, AMS 5655, EN 1.4935, X20CrMoWV12-1, JIS SUH 616, ASTM A437 Grade B4B |
| Type | Hardenable martensitic 12% Cr-Mo-W-V stainless steel |
| Delivery conditions | A annealed, T heat treated for machining, HT heat treated for high-temperature service, H heat treated |
| Service limit | 1200 F [650 C] on strength, 1450 F [790 C] on scaling resistance |
| Delta ferrite | 5 % max after full heat treatment |
| Maximum single piece | 30,000 kg |
| Minimum order | 10 kg, no minimum piece count |
| Lead time | 20 to 60 days |
| Approvals | CCS, BV, DNV, LR, NK |
| Supplier | Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China |
| Telephone | +86 189 2135 9659 |
| Email | sales@steelforgepieces.com |
| Page | https://www.steelforgepieces.com/Stainless-Steel/Grade-616.html |

## Chemical requirements, weight percent

| Element | ASTM A565 Grade 616 | AMS 5655 |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon | 0.20 to 0.25 | 0.20 to 0.25 |
| Manganese | 0.50 to 1.00 | 0.20 to 0.60 |
| Silicon | 0.50 max | 1.00 max |
| Phosphorus | 0.025 max | 0.040 max |
| Sulfur | 0.025 max | 0.030 max |
| Chromium | 11.00 to 12.50 | 11.00 to 13.50 |
| Nickel | 0.50 to 1.00 | 0.50 to 1.00 |
| Molybdenum | 0.90 to 1.25 | 0.75 to 1.25 |
| Tungsten | 0.90 to 1.25 | 0.75 to 1.25 |
| Vanadium | 0.20 to 0.30 | 0.17 to 0.30 |
| Copper | not specified | 0.50 max |
| Iron | balance | balance |

Tighter residual limits, for example P 0.020 % and S 0.010 % as published for turbine-quality X20CrMoWV12-1, can be agreed before melting.

## Mechanical property requirements, ASTM A565 Table 3

| Condition | Tensile min | Yield 0.2 % offset min | Elongation min | Reduction of area min | Charpy V-notch min | Brinell |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A annealed | not specified | not specified | not specified | not specified | not specified | 248 max |
| T for machining | not specified | not specified | not specified | not specified | not specified | 285 max |
| HT high-temperature service | 140 ksi [965 MPa] | 110 ksi [760 MPa] | 13 % | 30 % | 8 ft-lbf [11 J] | 302 to 352 |
| H heat treated | 120 ksi [825 MPa] | 85 ksi [585 MPa] | 17 % | 35 % | not specified | 241 to 285 |

Yield is determined by the offset method of A370. Impact is tested at 70 to 80 F [21 to 27 C] on a Type A Charpy V-notch specimen. Hardness is taken at the surface for control only; tensile properties govern acceptance. For cross-sections above 30 in2 [193 cm2], A565 suggests properties be agreed between purchaser and vendor.

## Heat treatment, ASTM A565 Table 2

| Condition | Austenitize | Quench | Temper |
|---|---|---|---|
| HT | 1875 to 1925 F [1020 to 1050 C] | air or oil | 1150 F [620 C] min, 2 h min |
| H | 1875 to 1925 F [1020 to 1050 C] | air or oil | 1250 F [675 C] min, 2 h min |

Sections of roughly 3 in. [76.2 mm] and heavier should be oil quenched. Suitable synthetic quenchants may replace oil. If straightened, a stress-relieving treatment is necessary at about 50 F [28 C] below the final tempering temperature.

## Physical data

| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Density | 7.8 g/cm3 [0.2817 lb/in3] |
| Elastic modulus | 190 to 210 GPa [27,557 to 30,458 ksi] |
| Poisson's ratio | 0.27 to 0.30 |
| Thermal conductivity at 100 C | 23.9 W/m.K |
| PREN | approx. 17 |
| Stress rupture, 1200 F, 25 h min | 26 ksi min under GE B50A951 practice, not an A565 requirement |

## Processing

Forging: preheat 1200 to 1400 F [650 to 760 C], forge from 1900 to 2150 F [1040 to 1175 C], cool slowly, then anneal and temper.

Machining: workable but prone to galling. Sharp tooling, lower constant speed, steady feed, cobalt high-speed tooling preferred.

Welding: difficult, welding group 7.2 under ISO/TR 20172. Preheat is required, matching AMS 5655 filler, post-weld stress relief 1100 to 1400 F [590 to 760 C] for about 4 hours.

Microstructure: not more than 5 % delta ferrite after full heat treatment, by visual estimation of volume fraction over representative areas, with Test Method E 562 point counting available where the estimate is close to the limit.

Examination: A565 supplementary requirement S1 allows eddy current, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant or ultrasonic examination. Linear indications longer than 1/16 in. [1.5 mm] and more than three times their width are not acceptable under LPI or MPI.

## Applications

Steam turbine blades and buckets, compressor and turbine rotors, high-temperature fasteners and bolting, inlet valves and valve trim, aero engine parts, and refinery, thermal power, chemical and nuclear plant hardware. Grade 616 is stronger at elevated temperature than the plain 12 % chromium grade 403.

## Forms supplied by Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal

Forged round, square and flat bars and turbine blade blanks. Seamless rolled rings to 6,000 mm outside diameter, and rings from 50 mm OD by the upset-and-punch route. Forged discs, covers and tube sheets to 5,000 mm machined diameter. Hollow bars, sleeves, bushings and cylinders to 1,600 mm diameter by 10,000 mm. Shafts, rotors, valve spindles and stems turned to 14,000 mm. Double-end studs, bolts and turbine bolting.

## How to order

1. Send a drawing, or rough dimensions and quantity, to sales@steelforgepieces.com.
2. Name the specification, ASTM A565 Grade 616, AMS 5655 or EN 1.4935, and the delivery condition A, T, HT or H.
3. Confirm testing: analysis, tensile, Charpy, hardness, delta ferrite, any non-destructive examination, and the certificate level.
4. We melt, forge, heat treat, machine, inspect and ship from Jiangyin.

Prices are quoted per drawing, grade, delivery condition and finished size. There is no list price for forgings.

## Sources

ASTM A565/A565M-05a (Reapproved 2009), Tables 1 to 4 and Sections 1.2, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1 to 8.5, Supplementary Requirement S1. SAE AMS 5655. BGH Edelstahlwerke GmbH data sheet for Grade 422 / X20CrMoWV12-1. Published UNS S42200 physical property and fabrication data.

Values are for enquiry and design reference. The purchase specification and the mill certificate govern acceptance.