# AISI 416 Forgings (UNS S41600 / 1.4005)

Also designated 1.4005, X12CrS13, 416S21, En 56AM, SS 2380, SUS 416, Z12CF13, AMS 5610.

Supplier: Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., open-die forging factory, No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province 214423, China. Phone +86 189 2135 9659. Email sales@steelforgepieces.com. Source page: https://www.steelforgepieces.com/Stainless-Steel/AISI-416.html

## Summary

AISI 416 is a free-machining martensitic stainless steel with 12 to 14 percent chromium, a maximum of 0.15 percent carbon and a minimum of 0.15 percent sulphur. Its machinability rating is 85 percent, the highest of any stainless steel. The manganese sulphide inclusions responsible for that rating also reduce formability, weldability and corrosion resistance below the level of grade 410. It is hardenable by heat treatment to 26 to 32 HRC.

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal melts, forges, heat treats, machines and tests 416 on one site, so the certificate traces a finished part back to its melt number rather than to a purchased billet.

| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Type | Martensitic, free-machining |
| Chromium | 12.0 to 14.0 percent |
| Carbon | 0.15 percent max |
| Sulphur | 0.15 percent min |
| Machinability | 85 percent, highest of all stainless steels |
| Hardness after heat treatment | 26 to 32 HRC |
| Forging range | 1149 to 1232 C, do not forge below 927 C |
| Weldability | Poor, not recommended by Carpenter |
| Specifications | ASTM A582, A484, A314, AMS 5610, QQ-S-764 |
| Typical applications | Valve stems and seats, pump and motor shafts, gears, bolts, nuts, studs, screw machine parts |

## Designations and equivalents

| System | Designation |
|---|---|
| AISI / SAE | 416, Type 416, Grade 416, Alloy 416 |
| UNS | S41600 |
| Euronorm | 1.4005 / X12CrS13 |
| Old British | 416S21, En 56AM (also 416S29, 416S37, 416S41, En56BM, En56CM) |
| Swedish SS | 2380 |
| Japanese JIS | SUS 416 |
| AFNOR | Z12CF13 |
| Aerospace | AMS 5610, Type 1 selenium bearing and Type 2 |
| Product standards | ASTM A582, A484, A314, MIL-W-52263, QQ-S-763C, QQ-S-764. ASTM A473 covers stainless steel forgings including martensitic grades |

## Chemical composition, weight percent, balance iron

| Element | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | - | - | - | - | 0.15 | 12.0 | - |
| Maximum | 0.15 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 0.06 | - | 14.0 | 0.60 |

Limits per AZoM and Rolled Alloys, which agree. Carpenter gives 12.00 to 14.00 percent chromium with 0.150 percent sulphur minimum. Aircraft Materials lists the AMS 5610 variants at 11.50 to 13.50 percent chromium with sulphur to 0.40 percent maximum, plus a selenium bearing Type 1 at 0.18 to 0.35 percent Se. State the specification on the order so the aim analysis is set correctly at the furnace.

## Mechanical properties, ASTM A582 bar

| Condition or tempering temperature | Tensile (MPa) | 0.2 percent proof (MPa) | Elongation (percent in 50 mm) | Hardness (HB) | Charpy V (J) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annealed | 517 | 275 | 30 | 262 | - |
| Condition T | 758 | 586 | 18 | 248 to 302 | - |
| Tempered 204 C | 1340 | 1050 | 11 | 388 | 20 |
| Tempered 316 C | 1350 | 1060 | 12 | 388 | 22 |
| Tempered 427 C | 1405 | 1110 | 11 | 401 | see note |
| Tempered 538 C | 1000 | 795 | 13 | 321 | see note |
| Tempered 593 C | 840 | 705 | 19 | 248 | 27 |
| Tempered 650 C | 796 | 670 | 17.5 | 253 | 38 |

Annealed figures are typical for Condition A of ASTM A582. For Condition T the Brinell hardness is a specified range while the other values are typical only. Tempering between 400 and 580 C should be avoided because of low impact resistance, which is why no Charpy value is quoted at 427 C and 538 C. Data from AZoM, which also states that these values may not apply to forms other than bar, such as forgings and wire. Carpenter gives a parallel quench and temper curve for 1 in. bar hardened at 982 C and oil quenched: 1344 MPa tensile and 390 HB at a 149 C temper, falling to 758 MPa and 225 HB at 650 C.

## Physical properties, annealed

| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Density | 7800 kg/m3 (0.276 lb/in3) |
| Elastic modulus | 200 GPa |
| Thermal expansion | 9.9 um/m.C (0 to 100 C), 11.0 (0 to 315 C), 11.5 (0 to 538 C) |
| Thermal conductivity | 24.9 W/m.K at 100 C, 28.7 W/m.K at 500 C |
| Specific heat 0 to 100 C | 460 J/kg.K |
| Electrical resistivity | 570 nohm.m |
| Melting point | 2714 F, approximately 1490 C |
| Magnetic response | Ferromagnetic in all conditions |

Density, modulus, expansion, conductivity, specific heat and resistivity from AZoM. Imperial density and melting point from Rolled Alloys.

## Forging and heat treatment

| Operation | Practice |
|---|---|
| Hot forging | Heat uniformly to 1149 to 1232 C (2100 to 2250 F), forge, air cool. Cool large forgings slowly in dry lime or ashes. Trim hot where possible, otherwise anneal and trim cold. Do not forge below 927 C (1700 F). Not recommended for severe upsetting. (Carpenter) |
| Full annealing | 815 to 900 C for half an hour, cool at 30 C per hour, then air cool. Carpenter maximum softness practice 816 to 900 C, furnace cool, approximately 155 HB. (AZoM, Carpenter) |
| Sub-critical annealing | 650 to 760 C, air cool, approximately 187 HB. Best machining condition. (AZoM, Carpenter) |
| Hardening | 925 to 1010 C (1700 to 1850 F), soak, oil quench, then temper. (AZoM, Carpenter) |
| Tempering | To the required hardness. Avoid 400 to 580 C, given by Carpenter as 399 to 566 C, where impact strength and corrosion resistance both fall. (AZoM, Carpenter) |
| Scaling limit | Intermittent service to 760 C, continuous service to 675 C per AZoM. Carpenter gives 649 C continuous. Do not use above the tempering temperature if strength must be retained. |
| Welding | Not recommended by Carpenter. Where unavoidable, preheat 200 to 300 C, use 410 low hydrogen electrodes or 309 filler, then re-harden, anneal or stress relieve at 650 to 675 C. Rolled Alloys advises a post weld anneal near 790 C (1450 F). |
| Machining | Highest machinability of any stainless steel in the sub-critical annealed condition. 135 to 155 surface feet per minute in automatic screw machines with high speed tooling, two to three times that with carbide. (AZoM, Carpenter) |
| Cold working | Withstands some cold work but is not recommended for cold upsetting. 416Se, with selenium replacing sulphur, has better cold working behaviour. (Carpenter) |

## Service limits

416 resists mild atmospheres, fresh water, steam, ammonia, many petroleum products and organic materials, and several mild acid environments. It is not suitable for chloride or marine environments because of the high sulphur content (AZoM). Salt spray resistance is rated restricted, along with nitric, sulphuric, phosphoric and acetic acid exposure (Carpenter). It is not recommended for vessels containing gases or liquids under high pressure (Aircraft Materials). Corrosion resistance is reached only on a hardened, clean and smooth surface, free of scale, lubricant and drawing coatings, with passivation considered after machining.

Alternative grades listed by AZoM are 410, which gives up the high machinability in exchange for better corrosion resistance and formability; 303, a slight drop in machinability for better availability, austenitic and not hardenable by heat treatment; and 182, a free-machining ferritic grade with better soft magnetic performance for solenoid shafts, also non-hardenable. Carpenter suggests its free-machining 18-8 grade where greater corrosion resistance is needed. For chloride, sour or strongly acidic duty, duplex, super duplex or nickel alloy forgings are the correct route.

Within our own stainless programme the usual alternatives are AISI 431 (https://www.steelforgepieces.com/Stainless-Steel/AISI-431.html) for higher strength with better corrosion resistance, 1.4034 / X46Cr13 (https://www.steelforgepieces.com/Stainless-Steel/1.4034.html) and AISI 440C (https://www.steelforgepieces.com/Stainless-Steel/AISI-440C.html) for higher hardness and wear resistance, and CA6NM (https://www.steelforgepieces.com/Stainless-Steel/CA6NM.html) where weldability and toughness govern.

## Products supplied in AISI 416

Forged round, square, rectangular, flat and hexagon bars. Hollow bars, sleeves, bushings, barrels, cases, hubs and housings, bored from solid forged blanks up to 1600 mm bore by 10000 mm. Seamless rolled rings and upset and punched forged rings from 50 mm to 6000 mm outside diameter. Forged discs, blocks and plates, machined to 5000 mm swing. Valve stems, seats, seat rings, bodies and bonnets. Pump shafts, motor shafts, gear and pinion blanks, bolts, nuts and studs. Supplied as forged with machining allowance, proof machined for ultrasonic inspection, or finish machined to drawing. Delivery standards include ASTM A473 for stainless steel forgings, ASTM A582 and A484 for bar, and EN 10250-4 for open die stainless forgings.

## Manufacturing capability

Melting: 25 t electric arc furnace, 25 t and 50 t ladle furnaces, 30 t and 60 t vacuum oxygen decarburisation, 60 t maximum heat size. Forging: hydraulic open die presses of 6300 t, 4000 t and 2000 t, hammers of 5 t, 3 t, 2 t, 1 t and 750 kg. Ring rolling: radial axial mills of 6 m, 3 m and 1 m. Heat treatment: 14 furnaces, including car bottom chambers to 8000 by 2000 by 2000 mm and two 15 m well type furnaces for vertical quenching of long shafts. Machining: vertical lathes to 5000 mm swing, horizontal lathes to 14 m between centres, CNC deep hole drilling to 1600 mm by 10000 mm. Maximum single piece weight 30000 kg.

Testing in house: OES chemistry, infrared carbon and sulphur, PMI, tensile to ASTM A370, Charpy to minus 60 C, ultrasonic to ASTM A388 and EN 10228-3, magnetic particle to ASTM E709, metallography to ASTM E112. Approvals: CCS, BV, DNV, LR, NK. Certification EN 10204 3.1 as standard, 3.2 witnessed by BV, DNV, LR, SGS, TUV or the customer's own inspector on request.

Minimum order 10 kg with no minimum piece count. Lead time 20 to 60 days, with standard stainless grades such as 416 at the lower end since no remelting step is required. Operating since 1997 with 460 staff, including 9 senior engineers, 32 intermediate engineers and 140 technicians. Exports to North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia Pacific.

## Enquiries

Send the grade or specification, the dimensions or a drawing, the quantity, the delivery condition, the heat treatment and testing requirements, and the certification plus destination port. Quotations are normally returned within two working days. Jiangyin lies between Shanghai and Nanjing on the south bank of the Yangtze, 30 km from Wuxi Shuofang International Airport and 160 km from the Shanghai airports. Customer audits and third party inspections are welcome.

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.
No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province 214423, China
Phone, WhatsApp and WeChat: +86 189 2135 9659
Email: sales@steelforgepieces.com
Web: https://www.steelforgepieces.com/

## Frequently asked questions

**What is AISI 416 stainless steel?** A free-machining martensitic stainless steel with 12.0 to 14.0 percent chromium, 0.15 percent carbon maximum and 0.15 percent sulphur minimum. It is magnetic, hardenable by oil quenching and tempering to 26 to 32 HRC, and has the highest machinability of any stainless steel at an 85 percent rating.

**What is the equivalent of AISI 416?** UNS S41600, EN 1.4005, X12CrS13, BS 416S21 or En 56AM, SS 2380, JIS SUS 416, AFNOR Z12CF13 and AMS 5610 all designate this grade. The AMS 5610 variants run a slightly different chromium and sulphur window, so quote the specification on the order.

**What is the forging temperature of grade 416?** Heat uniformly to 1149 to 1232 C and do not forge below 927 C. Cool heavy forgings slowly in dry lime or ashes. The grade is not recommended for severe upsetting.

**Can AISI 416 be welded?** Carpenter does not recommend welding this grade, because the high sulphur content promotes hot cracking. Where a weld cannot be avoided, preheat to 200 to 300 C, use 410 low hydrogen electrodes or 309 filler, and follow with re-hardening, annealing or a stress relief at 650 to 675 C. Rolled Alloys advises a post weld anneal near 790 C.

**Why should tempering between 400 and 580 C be avoided?** Impact strength and corrosion resistance both drop in that band. Charpy V values of 20 to 22 J at 204 to 316 C and 27 to 38 J at 593 to 650 C sit either side of a trough, so tempering is specified outside the range.

**Is AISI 416 suitable for seawater?** No. The sulphur addition makes it unsuitable for chloride and marine environments, and salt spray resistance is rated restricted. For marine shafting choose AISI 431, or duplex and super duplex grades for aggressive chloride service.

**Can Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal supply 416 forgings to ASTM A473 with a 3.1 certificate?** Yes. We are an open-die forging factory in Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China, supplying grade 416 forged bars, hollow bars, seamless rolled rings, discs, blocks, shafts and valve parts against ASTM A473, ASTM A582 and EN 10250-4, with EN 10204 3.1 certificates as standard and 3.2 third party witnessed certificates on request. Minimum order 10 kg. Contact sales@steelforgepieces.com or +86 189 2135 9659.

## Notes and sources

Where the published sources differ, for example on the continuous scaling temperature or on the chromium band of the AMS 5610 variants, both figures are given rather than averaged. The data on this page is engineering guidance, not a warranty of properties for a particular application. Acceptance values for a specific order are those written into the purchase specification and reported on the mill certificate.

- AZoM, Stainless Steel, Grade 416 (UNS S41600): https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=971
- Carpenter Technology, CarTech 416 Stainless (No. 5) datasheet: https://www.carpentertechnology.com/hubfs/7407324/Material%20Saftey%20Data%20Sheets/416.pdf
- Rolled Alloys, Data Sheet 416 Stainless: https://www.rolledalloys.com/wp-content/uploads/416_stainless-steel-data-sheet-rolled-alloys.pdf
- Aircraft Materials, Stainless Steel 416 (AMS 5610) technical data sheet: https://www.aircraftmaterials.com/data/alstst/416.html

Datasheet MAT-DS/416 · Revision 2 · Published 30 September 2026 · Reviewed 1 October 2026 · Technical sales department, Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.

Cite this page: Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. (2026). AISI 416 Forgings (UNS S41600 / 1.4005): composition, properties, forging and heat treatment. steelforgepieces.com/Stainless-Steel/AISI-416.html