# ASTM A182 F316 Forgings (UNS S31600)

Chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment and comparable grades for ASTM A182
grade F316, with the size and certification range available from Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.

Manufacturer: Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., integrated steel melting works and open-die
forging factory, No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China,
postcode 214423. Telephone, WhatsApp and WeChat +86 189 2135 9659. Email sales@steelforgepieces.com.
Established 1997. 460 staff. Approved by CCS, BV, DNV, LR and NK.

Page URL: https://www.steelforgepieces.com/Stainless-Steel/A182-F316.html
Reviewed: 28 September 2026

## Summary

| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Grade | ASTM A182 / A182M F316 |
| UNS number | S31600 |
| Alloy type | 18 chromium, 8 nickel, modified with molybdenum |
| Tensile strength, min | 75 ksi [515 MPa] |
| Yield strength, min | 30 ksi [205 MPa] |
| Elongation in 2 in. [50 mm] or 4D, min | 30 % |
| Reduction of area, min | 50 % |
| Brinell hardness | No requirement specified for F316 |
| Heat treatment | Solution treat and quench, 1900 F [1040 C] min, liquid quench below 500 F [260 C] |
| Comparable designations | EN 1.4401, X5CrNiMo17-12-2, AISI 316, TP316, SUS316 |
| Piece weight forged here | 10 kg to 30 t |
| Rolled ring outside diameter | up to 6,000 mm |
| Minimum order | 10 kg, no minimum piece count |
| Lead time | 20 to 60 days |
| Certification | EN 10204 3.1 standard, 3.2 on request |

## 1. What ASTM A182 F316 is

A182 is a material specification, not a part drawing. It fixes chemistry, mechanical properties,
heat treatment, manufacture and testing. Flange shape, facing and pressure class come from a
dimensional standard such as ASME B16.5 or ASME B16.47.

ASTM A182/A182M covers forged low-alloy and stainless steel piping components for pressure
systems, including flanges, fittings, valves and similar parts, made to specified dimensions or to
referenced dimensional standards. The specification contains low-alloy steels together with
ferritic, martensitic, austenitic and ferritic-austenitic stainless steels. F316 is one of the
austenitic grades.

Two clauses affect how an order is placed:

- Products supplied to A182/A182M are limited to a maximum individual weight of 10,000 lb
  [4,540 kg]. Heavier austenitic forgings are ordered to ASTM A965/A965M instead.
- Flanges of any type, elbows, return bends, tees and header tees shall not be machined directly
  from bar stock. Cylindrically shaped parts may be machined from forged or rolled
  solution-annealed austenitic stainless bar without additional hot working.

## 2. Chemical composition

Weight percent. Values are maximum unless a range is shown.

| Element | Requirement, % |
|---|---|
| Carbon | 0.08 max |
| Manganese | 2.00 max |
| Phosphorus | 0.045 max |
| Sulfur | 0.030 max |
| Silicon | 1.00 max |
| Nickel | 10.0 to 14.0 |
| Chromium | 16.0 to 18.0 |
| Molybdenum | 2.00 to 3.00 |
| Nitrogen | 0.10 max |

The 0.10 percent nitrogen cap is missing from a large share of published F316 data sheets. It is
part of the requirement and is what separates F316 from F316N and F316LN.

## 3. Mechanical properties

| Property | Inch-pound | SI |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength, min | 75 ksi | 515 MPa |
| Yield strength, min | 30 ksi | 205 MPa |
| Elongation in 2 in. [50 mm] or 4D, min | 30 % | 30 % |
| Reduction of area, min | 50 % | 50 % |
| Brinell hardness | no requirement | no requirement |

Two errors are common in published F316 tables. A minimum elongation of 40 percent is widely
quoted; the specification minimum is 30 percent. Reduction of area, 50 percent minimum, is a
separate requirement and is usually omitted.

A182 F316 is treated as an ASME B16.5 Material Group 2.2 forging. Working pressure at temperature
is read from the B16.5 rating table for that group and class, not derived from the ASTM tensile
minimum.

## 4. Heat treatment

| Parameter | Requirement |
|---|---|
| Type | Solution treat and quench |
| Solutioning temperature, min | 1900 F [1040 C] |
| Quenching medium | Liquid |
| Quench to below | 500 F [260 C] |
| Tempering | Not applicable |
| After hot working | Cool below 1000 F [538 C] before heat treating |

Many sources describe F316 heat treatment as an anneal at 1010 to 1120 C with air or water cooling,
sometimes with a stress relief at 200 to 400 C. That is not the A182/A182M requirement. The
specification calls for 1040 C minimum followed by a liquid quench to below 260 C, and no stress
relief clause applies to F316.

Alternative route: where the temperature of the forging has not fallen below the minimum solution
annealing temperature immediately following hot working, the forging may be individually rapidly
quenched from the working heat instead of being reheated. F316H, F304H, F310, F321, F321H, F347 and
F347H among others are excluded from that allowance. Plain F316 is eligible.

## 5. Physical properties

Published ranges for grade 316 / UNS S31600. Not A182 acceptance criteria.

| Property | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.87 to 8.07 | Mg/m3 |
| Young's modulus | 190 to 205 | GPa |
| Shear modulus | 74 to 82 | GPa |
| Poisson's ratio | 0.265 to 0.275 | - |
| Thermal conductivity | 13 to 17 | W/m.K |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 15 to 18 | 10-6/K |
| Specific heat | 490 to 530 | J/kg.K |
| Electrical resistivity | 69 to 81 | 10-8 ohm.m |
| Fracture toughness | 112 to 278 | MPa.m^0.5 |

Thermal expansion is around half again that of carbon steel, which matters where austenitic
flanges are bolted into a carbon steel line. Thermal conductivity is low, so heavy sections need
longer soak times than carbon steel of the same thickness.

## 6. Comparable grades

| System | Designation | C | Cr | Ni | Mo | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASTM | A182 F316, UNS S31600 | 0.08 max | 16.0-18.0 | 10.0-14.0 | 2.00-3.00 | 0.10 max |
| EN 10088 | 1.4401, X5CrNiMo17-12-2 | <0.07 | 16.5-18.5 | 10.0-13.0 | 2.0-2.5 | <0.11 |
| EN 10088 | 1.4404, X2CrNiMo17-12-2 | <0.03 | 16.5-18.5 | 10.0-13.0 | 2.0-2.5 | <0.11 |
| ASTM | AISI 316L, UNS S31603 | <0.08 | 16.0-18.0 | 11.0-14.0 | 2.0-2.5 | - |
| GOST | 03Ch17N13M2 | <0.03 | 16.8-18.3 | 13.5-15.0 | 2.2-2.8 | - |
| NF | Z7CND17-11-02 | <0.07 | 16.0-18.0 | 10.0-12.0 | 2.0-2.5 | - |
| JIS | SUS316 | Japanese counterpart designation for the 316 alloy | | | | |

F316 and EN 1.4401 are close but not identical. A heat aimed at carbon below 0.07, chromium 16.5 to
18.0, nickel 10.0 to 13.0 and molybdenum 2.0 to 2.5 satisfies both windows and can be dual
certified. Because the steel is melted at this works rather than purchased as billet, that is a
furnace instruction rather than a property of an incoming billet.

Variants inside A182: F316 baseline; F316L low carbon for parts welded after delivery; F316H for
elevated temperature creep service, solution treated from a higher minimum temperature and not
eligible for the direct quench route; F316N with nitrogen for higher yield strength; F316LN for
both; F316Ti titanium stabilised. All are forged here.

## 7. Corrosion performance and limits

Suitable for atmospheric corrosion and a wide range of moderately oxidising and reducing
environments, and better than F304 in chloride-bearing media because of the molybdenum. Used in
phosphoric, nitric, citric, lactic, formic and acetic acid service, with hydroxides, and with
nitrates, fluorides, acetates and sulphates.

Limits:

- Pitting. PREN is calculated as percent Cr plus 3.3 times percent Mo plus 16 times percent N. A
  PREN of at least 32 is generally taken as the level needed to resist seawater pitting. Published
  PREN for 316L is around 25 and for 304 around 19. F316 is not a seawater alloy.
- Chloride stress corrosion cracking. 316 and 316L are susceptible. Cracking is commonly reported
  where sustained tensile stress, temperature above roughly 60 C and chloride content above roughly
  25 ppm coincide. Molybdenum does not help.
- Sensitisation. At 0.08 percent carbon maximum, chromium carbides can precipitate at grain
  boundaries if the part is held in or slow cooled through the sensitising range, which is why the
  specification requires a liquid quench. Specify F316L or F316Ti for parts welded after delivery.
- Sour service. All 300 series austenitic stainless steels including type 316 are addressed by NACE
  MR0175 / ISO 15156, where a maximum hardness of 22 HRC (237 HBW) applies. Environmental limits on
  hydrogen sulfide partial pressure, chloride content, temperature and pH also apply and have to be
  checked against the actual service. Forgings are supplied with hardness testing and applicable
  documentation; the selection decision remains the purchaser's.

Alternatives forged here where F316 is not sufficient: A182 F51, F53 and F55 duplex and super
duplex, F44, 904L, Sanicro 28, Alloy 20, Incoloy 825, Hastelloy C-276.

## 8. Products forged in F316

- Rings: seamless rolled rings, contoured rolled rings, forged rings, gear ring blanks, slewing
  rings, retaining rings, valve seat rings, support and tray rings.
- Flanges and nozzles: weld neck, long weld neck, blind, slip-on, socket weld, lap joint, orifice,
  anchor, girth, swivel, self-reinforced nozzles, cover flanges.
- Discs and plates: forged discs, tube sheets, channel covers, blind covers, heat exchanger parts,
  vessel closures.
- Shafts and bars: spindles, stepped shafts, gear shafts, pinion shafts, eccentric shafts,
  crankshafts, rolls, rotors, tie rods, round bars, flat and square bars, forged blocks.
- Hollow sections: forged cylinders, hollow bars, sleeves, bushings, couplings, heavy wall pipe
  sections, casings, shells, hubs, housings.
- Valve and wellhead parts: bodies, bonnets, valve blocks, stems, seat rings, spools, manifolds,
  Y-blocks, nozzles.

Flanged parts are produced to ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47 and API 6A dimensional standards as specified.

## 9. Size and weight range

| Item | Limit |
|---|---|
| Rolled ring outside diameter | up to 6,000 mm on the 6 m ring mill |
| Single piece weight | 10 kg to 30,000 kg on the 6,300 t press |
| Maximum heat size | 60 t |
| Heat treatment | 14 furnaces on site |
| Minimum order | 10 kg, no minimum piece count |
| Lead time | 20 to 60 days |

Forgings above 4,540 kg cannot be certified to A182/A182M because of the weight limit in that
specification. They are quoted to ASTM A965/A965M instead. Same alloy, same melt shop, correct
paperwork.

## 10. Melting and forging route

A182/A182M allows stainless steel for the specification to be melted by electric furnace with
optional separate degassing and refining, by vacuum furnace, or by either followed by vacuum or
electroslag consumable remelting, with sufficient discard taken to secure freedom from injurious
piping and undue segregation.

The route used here for F316 is electric arc furnace, then ladle furnace refining, then vacuum
oxygen decarburisation. Vacuum induction, vacuum arc and protective atmosphere electroslag
remelting are available where an order specifies inclusion cleanliness beyond the standard route.
Maximum heat size is 60 t. The 6,300 t press, the 6 m ring mill, 14 heat-treatment furnaces and the
machine shop are all on the same site, so traceability runs from the melt number to the shipped
part and does not begin at a purchased billet.

## 11. Testing and certification

Performed in the works laboratory: chemical analysis by optical emission spectrometry to ASTM E415,
carbon and sulfur to ASTM E1019, positive material identification, tensile testing to ASTM A370 and
ISO 6892, Charpy V-notch impact testing with a low temperature bath, hardness with conversion to
ASTM A956 and ASTM E140, ultrasonic examination to ASTM A388 and EN 10228-3, liquid penetrant
examination to ASTM E165, grain size and microstructure to ASTM E112.

F316 is non-magnetic in the solution annealed condition, so magnetic particle examination does not
apply. Surface examination on austenitic forgings is by liquid penetrant.

Placed with accredited third-party laboratories: intergranular corrosion testing to ASTM A262 and
ASTM G28, pitting resistance to ASTM G48, ferrite counting to ASTM A923 on duplex orders, very low
temperature impact testing, and bench hardness where a bench machine is required by specification.
This is stated on the quotation.

Approvals: CCS, BV, DNV, LR, NK. Certificates: EN 10204 3.1 as standard, EN 10204 3.2 witnessed by
BV, DNV, LR, SGS, TUV or the purchaser's own inspector on request. Supporting records include heat
treatment charts, NDT reports, dimensional reports and PMI records.

## 12. Applications

Chemical and petrochemical processing, petroleum refining including polythionic acid service, oil
and gas valves and wellhead parts, food and beverage and pharmaceutical process equipment, pulp and
paper digesters and machine parts, power generation and heavy machinery, marine and shipbuilding
hardware, waste treatment and thermal oxidiser parts.

## 13. Enquiry checklist

1. Material grade or specification, for example ASTM A182 F316 / UNS S31600 dual certified to
   EN 1.4401.
2. Dimensions or a drawing. PDF, DWG, DXF and STEP accepted.
3. Quantity and expected repeat volume.
4. Delivery condition: as forged, proof machined or finish machined.
5. Heat treatment and testing requirements.
6. Certification level and destination port.

A price is returned within two working days of a complete enquiry.

## 14. Questions

**What is ASTM A182 F316?**
The forging grade designation for 18 chromium, 8 nickel austenitic stainless steel modified with
molybdenum, UNS S31600, in ASTM A182/A182M. The 2.00 to 3.00 percent molybdenum addition separates
it from F304.

**What are the mechanical properties?**
75 ksi [515 MPa] tensile minimum, 30 ksi [205 MPa] yield minimum, 30 percent elongation minimum,
50 percent reduction of area minimum. No hardness requirement.

**What is the chemical composition?**
C 0.08 max, Mn 2.00 max, P 0.045 max, S 0.030 max, Si 1.00 max, Ni 10.0 to 14.0, Cr 16.0 to 18.0,
Mo 2.00 to 3.00, N 0.10 max.

**How is it heat treated?**
Solution treat and quench. 1900 F [1040 C] minimum, liquid quench to below 500 F [260 C], no
tempering. Cool below 1000 F [538 C] after hot working first, or use the direct quench alternative
where the working temperature has not dropped below the minimum solutioning temperature. Air
cooling does not meet the requirement.

**Is F316 the same as 1.4401 or 316L?**
No. The windows overlap without coinciding, and a heat can be aimed at the overlap for dual
certification. F316L is the separate low-carbon variant for parts welded after delivery.

**What is the heaviest F316 forging available?**
A182 caps individual weight at 10,000 lb [4,540 kg]. Above that, ASTM A965/A965M applies. Single
pieces to 30 t are forged here.

**Can F316 be used in seawater or hot chloride service?**
Usually not. PREN for 316L is around 25 against a figure of about 32 generally taken as the
seawater pitting threshold, and 316 is susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking above
about 60 C with chloride above roughly 25 ppm. Duplex or super-austenitic grades are the
alternatives.

**Can F316 flanges be machined from bar?**
No. A182 states that flanges, elbows, return bends, tees and header tees shall not be machined
directly from bar stock.

**What is the minimum order and lead time?**
10 kg with no minimum piece count. 20 to 60 days from order confirmation.

**Where can F316 forgings be ordered?**
Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu
Province, China 214423. Telephone, WhatsApp, WeChat +86 189 2135 9659. Email
sales@steelforgepieces.com. Monday to Saturday, 08:00 to 17:30 UTC+8.

## 15. Standards referenced

ASTM A182/A182M, ASTM A965/A965M, ASTM A961/A961M, ASTM A479/A479M, ASTM A370, ASTM A388/A388M,
ASTM E165, ASTM E112, ASTM E415, ASTM E1019, ASTM A262, ASTM G28, ASTM G48, EN 10088-1, EN 10204,
EN 10228-3, ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47, NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156, API 6A.

Order against the current edition of the applicable specification. Values on this page are for
guidance and are not a substitute for design verification.

Copyright 1997 to 2026 Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.