---
title: "1.4460 Forgings (X3CrNiMoN27-5-2) | Bars, Rings, Flanges"
description: "1.4460 (X3CrNiMoN27-5-2) duplex forgings from Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal: bars, rolled rings, flanges, valve parts. EN 10088-3 and EN 10250-4, melted in-house."
canonical: "https://www.steelforgepieces.com/Stainless-Steel/1.4460.html"
manufacturer: "Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd."
address: "No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province 214423, China"
telephone: "+86 189 2135 9659"
email: "sales@steelforgepieces.com"
grade: "1.4460 / X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 / AISI 329 / UNS S32900 / UNS S31200 / SUS329J1 / SS 2324"
date_published: "2026-09-22"
date_modified: "2026-09-22"
language: "en"
---

# 1.4460 Forged Steel Components

Open-die forged bars, seamless rolled rings, flanges, valve parts and custom forgings in
X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 duplex stainless steel. Melted, forged, solution annealed and tested at our own works
in Jiangyin, Jiangsu, and shipped worldwide with EN 10204 3.1 certificates.

| | |
|---|---|
| EN designation | X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 |
| Structure | Austenitic-ferritic (duplex) |
| Standards | EN 10088-3, EN 10250-4, EN 10088-1, ISO 15510 |
| Chromium | 25.0 to 28.0 % |
| PREN | 30.1 to 37.8 |
| Delivery condition | +AT solution annealed |

## Quick answer

1.4460 (EN designation X3CrNiMoN27-5-2) is an austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel containing
25.0 to 28.0 % chromium, 4.5 to 6.5 % nickel, 1.30 to 2.00 % molybdenum and 0.05 to 0.20 % nitrogen,
with carbon held to 0.05 % maximum. It is supplied solution annealed, and in that condition minimum
0.2 % proof strength is 450 MPa with tensile strength of 620 to 880 MPa for product up to 160 mm.

1.4460 has no exact American equivalent. It is widely cross-referenced to AISI 329 / UNS S32900, but
S32900 specifies no nitrogen at all and allows nickel down to 2.0 %, so a 329 certificate can sit
legitimately outside the 1.4460 band. By chemistry the closest UNS grade is S31200, which is also what
the ISO 15510 designation 4460-312-00-I points to.

Duplex grades are ferrite-bearing, so 1.4460 is magnetic and its service temperature is capped at
roughly 250 °C by 475 °C embrittlement of the ferrite phase, not by strength. Hot forming runs 950 to
1200 °C and solution annealing 1020 to 1100 °C with rapid cooling.

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. forges 1.4460 into round and hollow bars, seamless rolled rings to
6,000 mm outside diameter, flanges, discs, tube sheets, valve bodies, pump shafts and custom parts at
its integrated melting and open-die forging works at No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin
City, Jiangsu Province, China. Steel for duplex orders is melted on site through the electric arc
furnace, ladle furnace and vacuum oxygen decarburisation route, so nitrogen is set at the furnace
rather than accepted from a purchased billet. Quotations are returned within two working days.
Call +86 189 2135 9659 or email sales@steelforgepieces.com.

## What is 1.4460 steel?

1.4460 is the EN material number for X3CrNiMoN27-5-2, a duplex stainless steel whose structure is
roughly half ferrite and half austenite after correct solution annealing. It belongs to the older,
high-chromium end of the duplex family, with 27 % nominal chromium but only about 1.5 % molybdenum.

The two-phase structure is where the properties come from. Ferrite carries the strength and the
resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking; austenite carries the toughness and ductility. The
result is a steel with roughly double the proof strength of 304 or 316 at a similar price band for
chromium-rich chemistry, and with far better resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking than any
standard austenitic grade.

What separates 1.4460 from the modern duplex grades is the balance of the alloying elements. Nitrogen
was a later addition to duplex metallurgy, and 1.4460 carries it with a minimum of only 0.05 %,
against 0.10 % for 1.4462 and 0.24 % for super duplex grades. Molybdenum is also low. Chromium is high
enough to keep the pitting resistance competitive on paper, but the grade behaves differently in
welding and heat treatment than the nitrogen-rich grades that replaced it.

In current practice 1.4460 is specified where a drawing, a European plant standard or an existing
spare calls for it by number, and in phosphoric acid, fertiliser and organic acid service where its
chromium content does real work. For a new chloride-service design, most engineers now reach for
1.4462 instead.

## Chemical composition of 1.4460

Chemical composition of 1.4460 / X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 per EN 10088-3:2014, in weight percent. Balance iron.

| C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| max 0.05 | max 1.00 | max 2.00 | max 0.035 | max 0.030 | 25.0–28.0 | 4.5–6.5 | 1.30–2.00 | 0.05–0.20 |

**Controlled sulphur is permitted and worth asking for.** EN 10088-3 allows sulphur to be held in
narrower bands for particular purposes: 0.015 to 0.030 % for machinability, 0.008 to 0.030 % for
weldability, and 0.015 % maximum for polishability. EN 10088-1 lists the grade at 0.015 % maximum. If
parts are going to be welded into an assembly, state the weldability band on the order rather than
accepting the general 0.030 % ceiling.

**The nitrogen range is the one to watch.** A heat at 0.05 % nitrogen and a heat at 0.20 % nitrogen
both pass EN 10088-3, but they do not behave the same. Nitrogen stabilises austenite and speeds its
re-formation in the heat-affected zone after welding. At the bottom of the range the weld HAZ can
finish ferrite-rich, which costs toughness and pitting resistance in exactly the place a joint is most
exposed. Because we melt our own steel, a nitrogen minimum above the standard floor can be written
into the order and set at the furnace.

## Which UNS number does 1.4460 actually match?

Almost every published cross-reference table gives 1.4460 as AISI 329 / UNS S32900. That answer is
good enough for a stockist and not good enough for a purchase order. The three American grades usually
offered against 1.4460 have materially different chemistry, and only one of them specifies nitrogen in
a way that matches.

Composition of 1.4460 compared with the American grades commonly offered against it. ASTM figures from
ASTM A240 / A182. Values in weight percent.

| Element | 1.4460 (EN 10088-3) | S32900 (Type 329) | S31200 (A182 F50) | S32950 (A182 F52) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon, max | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.030 | 0.030 |
| Chromium | 25.0–28.0 | 23.0–28.0 | 24.0–26.0 | 26.0–29.0 |
| Nickel | 4.5–6.5 | 2.0–5.0 | 5.5–6.5 | 3.5–5.2 |
| Molybdenum | 1.30–2.00 | 1.00–2.00 | 1.20–2.00 | 1.00–2.50 |
| Nitrogen | 0.05–0.20 | not specified | 0.14–0.20 | 0.15–0.35 |
| Min. Rp0.2 | 450 MPa | 485 MPa | 450 MPa | 485 MPa |
| Rm | 620–880 MPa | 620 MPa min | 690 MPa min | 690 MPa min |

Read the nitrogen row first. S32900 specifies no nitrogen requirement at all, and allows nickel as low
as 2.0 %, well under the 4.5 % floor of 1.4460. A mill can produce steel that is fully compliant Type
329 and simultaneously out of specification against X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 on two elements. When a drawing
says 1.4460 and the certificate says 329, that gap is where incoming-inspection disputes come from.

S31200 is the closer match. Its nitrogen band of 0.14 to 0.20 % sits inside the 1.4460 range, its
nickel band of 5.5 to 6.5 % sits inside it too, and molybdenum is almost identical. ISO 15510 agrees:
it assigns 1.4460 the designation 4460-312-00-I, and the 312 in that number is Type 312, the older
name for S31200. S32950 (A182 F52) is a third partial match, with higher chromium and a nitrogen floor
above the EN minimum.

**What to write on the order.** If the part is going into a European system, specify EN 10250-4
X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 for forgings, not just the number 1.4460, because EN 10250-4 is the forging standard
and EN 10088-3 covers bars and bright products. If the part is going into an American system, specify
ASTM A182 F50 (S31200) rather than 329 when the drawing origin is 1.4460. If both apply, ask for dual
certification and state the tighter limits of each standard as the governing chemistry.

## Mechanical properties of 1.4460

Room-temperature mechanical properties of 1.4460 in the solution annealed (+AT) condition per
EN 10088-3:2014, for product up to 160 mm.

| Property | Requirement | Imperial |
|---|---|---|
| 0.2 % proof strength Rp0.2 | min 450 MPa | 65 ksi |
| Tensile strength Rm | 620–880 MPa | 90–128 ksi |
| Elongation A, longitudinal | min 20 % | min 20 % |
| Charpy KV, longitudinal | min 85 J | 63 ft-lb |
| Brinell hardness | max 260 HBW | max 260 HBW |
| Intergranular corrosion resistance | Resistant as delivered and after welding | |

Mechanical properties of cold drawn (2H, 2B) and ground (2G) 1.4460 bar in the solution annealed
condition, per EN 10088-3:2014. Elongation values apply to sizes of 5 mm and above.

| Diameter | Rp0.2 min | Rm | A min | KV min |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| up to 10 mm | 610 MPa | 770–1030 MPa | 12 % | not specified |
| over 10 to 16 mm | 560 MPa | 770–1030 MPa | 12 % | not specified |
| over 16 to 40 mm | 460 MPa | 620–950 MPa | 15 % | 85 J |
| over 40 to 63 mm | 460 MPa | 620–950 MPa | 15 % | 85 J |
| over 63 to 160 mm | 460 MPa | 620–880 MPa | 20 % | 85 J |

**Tensile strength has a ceiling, not just a floor.** The 880 MPa upper limit is a requirement, and on
duplex it is a quality check rather than a formality. A result above the band on a solution annealed
forging usually means the cool from annealing was too slow and intermetallic phase has formed, or that
residual cold work was never removed. Either explanation points at the same corrective action:
re-anneal and quench properly.

## Elevated-temperature properties and the 250 °C ceiling

Minimum 0.2 % proof strength of solution annealed 1.4460 at elevated temperature, in MPa.

| Temperature | 100 °C | 150 °C | 200 °C | 250 °C |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rp0.2, +AT | 360 | 335 | 310 | 295 |

That table stops at 250 °C for a metallurgical reason, not for lack of data. Above roughly 250 to
300 °C the ferrite phase in any duplex stainless steel begins to separate into chromium-rich and
iron-rich regions, a process usually called 475 °C embrittlement because it runs fastest near that
temperature. It is slow at 300 °C and rapid at 475 °C, and it is cumulative over the life of the part.
The steel loses impact toughness and gains hardness while its room-temperature tensile figures look
unchanged, so routine testing does not find it.

The practical consequence is that 1.4460 is a strength-and-corrosion material for ambient and warm
service, not a high-temperature material, despite its chromium content. European pressure equipment
practice caps duplex grades around 250 °C for this reason. If a design needs both corrosion resistance
and sustained service above that, the answer is an austenitic grade such as 904L or a nickel alloy
such as Incoloy 825, not a duplex.

The same phase chemistry sets a low-temperature limit. Duplex grades lose toughness below about
−50 °C as the ferrite passes through its ductile-to-brittle transition. For cryogenic work an
austenitic grade is the correct choice.

## Physical properties of 1.4460

Indicative physical properties in the solution annealed condition at room temperature. Confirm against
the applicable design code for calculation purposes.

| Property | Metric | Imperial |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.8 g/cm³ | 0.282 lb/in³ |
| Modulus of elasticity | 200 GPa | 29 × 10⁶ psi |
| Shear modulus | 80 GPa | 11.6 × 10⁶ psi |
| Poisson's ratio | 0.27 | 0.27 |
| Thermal conductivity | 15 W/(m·K) | 8.7 BTU/(h·ft·°F) |
| Specific heat capacity | 480 J/(kg·K) | 0.11 BTU/(lb·°F) |
| Mean thermal expansion | 13 × 10⁻⁶/K | 7.2 × 10⁻⁶/°F |
| Electrical resistivity | 0.80 µΩ·m | 2.2 % IACS |
| Melting range | 1390–1430 °C | 2530–2610 °F |
| Magnetic response | Ferromagnetic, from the ferrite phase | |

**Two of these numbers govern how the steel is processed.** Thermal conductivity of 15 W/(m·K) is
under half that of carbon steel, so heat does not leave the cut zone during machining and does not
leave the core during quenching. Thermal expansion of 13 × 10⁻⁶/K is about two thirds that of an
austenitic grade, which is why duplex distorts less than 316 when welded and is easier to hold to
tolerance across a large ring.

**It is magnetic, and that is normal.** Around half the structure is ferrite, so 1.4460 responds to a
magnet. This regularly causes an incoming-inspection query from people used to austenitic stainless. A
magnet is not a valid grade check on duplex. Use positive material identification, which we run on
every heat, or a full chemical analysis.

## Corrosion resistance and PREN

Pitting resistance for stainless steels is estimated from the pitting resistance equivalent number,
PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N. Applied to the EN limits for 1.4460 it gives a range rather than a
figure.

| Grade | Cr | Mo | N | PREN range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.4460 | 25.0–28.0 | 1.30–2.00 | 0.05–0.20 | 30.1–37.8 |
| 1.4462 (2205) | 21.0–23.0 | 2.50–3.50 | 0.10–0.22 | 30.9–38.1 |
| 1.4410 (2507) | 24.0–26.0 | 3.00–5.00 | 0.24–0.35 | 37.7–48.1 |

The spread inside 1.4460 is the point. A heat at the top of the chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen
ranges reaches PREN 37.8 and is a credible seawater material. A heat at the bottom of all three
reaches 30.1 and is not. Both are fully compliant 1.4460. If the application is chloride service, a
PREN minimum belongs on the purchase order, and it should be supported by an ASTM G48 pitting test at
a stated temperature rather than by the calculation alone.

Where 1.4460 performs well is general corrosion in acidic media, thanks to the high chromium, and
resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking, where any duplex grade is far ahead of 304 and 316.
Phosphoric acid, fertiliser production, organic acids and brackish or seawater cooling circuits are
the classic duties. The grade also retains its resistance to intergranular corrosion both as delivered
and after welding, which is a stated requirement of EN 10088-3 rather than a claim.

**1.4460 against 1.4462, in one line.** Their PREN ranges overlap almost exactly, but 1.4460 buys its
pitting resistance with chromium while 1.4462 buys it with molybdenum and nitrogen. For equal PREN,
the nitrogen-rich grade welds more forgivingly and holds its phase balance better, which is why 1.4462
has taken over most new chloride-service design. 1.4460 keeps its place where the chemistry suits the
medium, in acid service, and where an existing specification calls for it.

## Forging and heat treatment of 1.4460

Duplex stainless is less forgiving to forge than austenitic stainless, and heavy sections are where it
gets difficult. Both problems come from the same source: the steel must spend as little time as
possible between about 600 and 1000 °C, where sigma and chi phases precipitate and take the toughness
and corrosion resistance with them.

| Operation | Temperature | Cooling |
|---|---|---|
| Soaking before forging | 1150 – 1200 °C (2100 – 2190 °F) | not applicable |
| Hot forming range | 1200 down to 950 °C (2190 to 1740 °F) | Air, then anneal |
| Solution annealing (+AT) | 1020 – 1100 °C (1870 – 2010 °F) | Water or forced air, rapid |
| Stress relief | Not applicable. Use a full solution anneal and quench | |
| Hardening by heat treatment | Not possible. Strength comes from the duplex structure and cold work | |

### Why the finish temperature matters

The hot working window closes at about 950 °C. Below that, the ferrite work-hardens faster than the
austenite and the two phases stop deforming together, which opens edge cracks and surface tearing. The
practical effect on a large ring or a long shaft is that the forging has to be returned to the furnace
and reheated rather than worked down cold, and each reheat is time and cost. Quoting duplex
realistically means allowing for those reheats rather than pricing it like a carbon steel forging of
the same weight.

### Why the quench is the real risk on heavy sections

Solution annealing puts the alloying elements back into solution and restores the phase balance. The
quench that follows has to carry the part through the 1000 to 600 °C band fast enough that sigma phase
has no time to form. On a 40 mm bar that is straightforward. On a 300 mm section, a large disc or a
thick-walled ring, the core cools far more slowly than the surface, and sigma can form at the centre
of a part whose surface tests perfectly.

Three things decide the outcome, and all three are shop-floor practice rather than specification: the
transfer time from furnace to quench tank, the volume and agitation of the water, and whether the part
is loaded so the water reaches all surfaces. Our 14 heat-treatment furnaces sit alongside the quench,
which keeps the transfer short. For heavy duplex sections we quote proof machining before the final
anneal where the geometry allows it, because removing stock before the quench reduces the section the
water has to cool.

**The test that proves it.** Sigma phase is invisible to a tensile test and to a hardness check at the
surface. ASTM A923 exists for this: Method A is a metallographic screen, Method B is a Charpy impact
test, and Method C is a ferric chloride corrosion test. For critical duplex forgings, specify A923 on
a test piece taken from the mid-thickness of the heaviest section, not from a separately forged
coupon. We place A923 and ASTM G48 with an accredited third-party laboratory and issue the report
alongside the mill certificate.

## Welding 1.4460

1.4460 can be welded with all the common arc processes. Gas welding is not suitable. Unlike
martensitic grades, it needs neither preheat nor post-weld heat treatment, and for most fabrication a
correctly run joint is used as welded.

- No preheat required
- Heat input kept low and controlled
- Interpass temperature typically 150 °C maximum
- Over-alloyed filler, 25 Cr type or nickel-based
- Nitrogen-bearing shielding gas where available
- Surfaces clean, dry and free of grease before striking

The reason to keep heat input low and to use an over-alloyed filler is the same reason the nitrogen
range matters. On cooling from welding temperature the heat-affected zone re-forms austenite from a
fully ferritic structure, and it needs time and nitrogen to do so. Too fast a cool or too little
nitrogen leaves the HAZ ferrite-rich, with lower toughness and lower pitting resistance than the
parent metal. A filler carrying two to three percent more nickel than the parent compensates on the
weld metal side; controlled heat input handles the HAZ side.

Where a welded assembly is going into severe service, the check is a ferrite count on the HAZ, by
point count to ASTM E562 or by calibrated Ferritescope, with a target band typically 35 to 65 %
ferrite. If a weld procedure has to be qualified, qualify it on material from the same heat as the
production parts, since the nitrogen level inside the EN range changes the HAZ response.

## Machining 1.4460

Duplex machines harder than its hardness number suggests. At a maximum of 260 HBW the material looks
moderate, but the ferrite and austenite phases cut differently, the steel work-hardens rapidly, and
thermal conductivity of 15 W/(m·K) means the heat generated at the tip stays at the tip.

The practical rules are rigid clamping, positive rake coated carbide or high-grade high-speed steel,
generous flood coolant, and a deliberate policy of never dwelling. A tool that rubs instead of cutting
work-hardens the surface and the next pass has to cut through that layer. Depth of cut should stay
below the work-hardened skin left by the previous pass, which in practice means fewer, deeper passes
rather than many light ones.

We supply 1.4460 forgings as forged with machining allowance, proof machined to a finish suitable for
ultrasonic examination, or finish machined to drawing on vertical lathes up to 5,000 mm swing and
horizontal lathes up to 14,000 mm between centres. If parts will be machined in your own shop and the
grade is new to it, ask for the material in the proof-machined condition so that the first cut starts
below the as-forged skin.

## 1.4460 equivalent grades and cross-reference

The designations below refer to the same nominal grade across standards bodies. As set out above, the
American entries are approximate rather than identical, and the chemistry should be checked against
the governing standard before a substitution is accepted.

| Standard or system | Designation | Note |
|---|---|---|
| EN material number | 1.4460 | All product forms |
| EN chemical designation | X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 | All product forms |
| EN 10250-4 | X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 | Open die forgings and rolled rings |
| EN 10088-3 | X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 | Bars, rods, sections, bright products |
| ISO 15510 | 4460-312-00-I | The 312 refers to Type 312 / S31200 |
| UNS, closest by chemistry | S31200 | ASTM A182 F50, nitrogen specified |
| UNS, common reference | S32900 | Approximate, no nitrogen requirement |
| AISI / SAE | 329 | Approximate |
| ASTM A182 | F50 / F52 | Forgings, flanges, valve parts |
| JIS (Japan) | SUS329J1 | Approximate |
| AFNOR (France) | Z5CND27-05Az | Approximate |
| SS (Sweden) | 2324 | Approximate |
| UNE (Spain) | F.3552 | Approximate |
| GOST (Russia) | 10Ch26N5M | Approximate |
| GB (China) | 022Cr25Ni6Mo2N | Approximate |

## Forged shapes we supply in 1.4460

- **Round bars and rods**: solid round, square, flat and hexagonal forged bar
- **Hollow bars and sleeves**: bushings, shells, cylinders, forged tube blanks
- **Seamless rolled rings**: radial-axial rolled rings to 6,000 mm outside diameter
- **Flanges and discs**: forged flanges, blanks, discs, plates and blocks
- **Tube sheets and covers**: heat-exchanger tube sheets, proof machined for testing
- **Valve components**: bodies, bonnets, seats, seat rings, stems, wedges
- **Shafts and stirrers**: pump shafts, stirrer shafts, spindles, pistons, bolts
- **Custom forgings**: any profile forged to your 2D drawing or 3D model

## Our 1.4460 forging capability

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. has been an integrated melting and open-die forging works in
Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin, Jiangsu since 1997. Most forging suppliers in China buy billet. This plant
starts one step earlier, at the furnace, which matters more for duplex than for most grades: nitrogen
is set during vacuum oxygen decarburisation rather than inherited from a purchased bar, and the
certificate traces the part back to its melt number.

| | |
|---|---|
| Melting | Electric arc furnace, ladle furnace and vacuum oxygen decarburisation for duplex and stainless grades. Maximum heat size 60 tonnes |
| Forging | 6,300 t, 4,000 t and 2,000 t hydraulic open-die presses, five hammers from 750 kg to 5 t |
| Ring rolling | Radial-axial mills at 6 m, 3 m and 1 m, maximum ring outside diameter 6,000 mm |
| Size limits | Single-piece weight to 30 t, turned shaft length to 14,000 mm, machined diameter to 5,000 mm, bored bores to 1,600 mm diameter by 10,000 mm |
| Heat treatment | 14 furnaces on site including two 15 m well-type furnaces for vertical quenching of long shafts, with recorded furnace charts |
| Machining | As forged with allowance, proof machined for ultrasonic testing, or finish machined to drawing |
| In-house testing | Optical emission spectrometry, carbon and sulphur analysis, positive material identification, tensile to 600 kN, Charpy impact to −60 °C, ultrasonic and magnetic particle examination, metallography |
| Third-party testing | ASTM A923 phase balance, ASTM G48 pitting, ASTM A262 and G28 intergranular corrosion, placed with an accredited laboratory and reported with the mill certificate |
| Approvals | CCS, BV, DNV, LR and NK classification society approvals |
| Certification | EN 10204 3.1 as standard, 3.2 witnessed by a classification society, SGS, TÜV or your own inspector on request |
| Minimum order | 10 kg, with no minimum piece count |
| Lead time | 20 to 60 days from order confirmation |
| Quotation | Returned within two working days |
| Works address | No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China |
| Contact | +86 189 2135 9659, sales@steelforgepieces.com |

## Applications of 1.4460 forgings

- Pump casings, shafts and impeller hubs
- Valve bodies, bonnets and seat rings
- Heat-exchanger tube sheets and covers
- Pressure-vessel flanges and nozzles
- Phosphoric acid and fertiliser plant parts
- Stirrer and agitator shafts
- Seawater and brackish water cooling circuits
- Marine and offshore fittings and couplings
- Chlorine-bearing housings and pipework parts
- Pulp and paper digester components
- Special anchors, tie rods and fasteners
- Screw conveyors and wear-exposed machine parts

## How to order 1.4460 forgings

1. **Send the drawing or dimensions.** Email a 2D drawing, 3D model or rough dimensions to
   sales@steelforgepieces.com. Without a drawing, send outside diameter, inside diameter, length or
   thickness, and quantity. Minimum order is 10 kg with no minimum piece count.
2. **State the standard and any restricted chemistry.** Confirm EN 10250-4 X3CrNiMoN27-5-2 for
   forgings, EN 10088-3 for bar, or an American grade such as ASTM A182 F50. For chloride service,
   state any nitrogen minimum or PREN minimum you want held above the standard floor.
3. **Confirm the delivery condition.** Solution annealed at 1020 to 1100 °C with rapid cooling,
   supplied as forged with allowance, proof machined for ultrasonic testing, or finish machined to
   drawing.
4. **Confirm testing and certification.** Specify EN 10204 3.1 or 3.2, plus any duplex-specific
   testing: ASTM A923 phase balance, ferrite count, ASTM G48 pitting, ASTM A262 or G28 intergranular
   corrosion, and ultrasonic examination.
5. **Receive the quotation.** Unit price, forging weight, lead time and Incoterms come back within two
   working days. Normal lead time runs 20 to 60 days from order confirmation.

## Frequently asked questions about 1.4460

### What is 1.4460 stainless steel?

1.4460 is the EN material number for X3CrNiMoN27-5-2, an austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel
containing 25.0 to 28.0 % chromium, 4.5 to 6.5 % nickel, 1.30 to 2.00 % molybdenum and 0.05 to 0.20 %
nitrogen, with carbon at 0.05 % maximum. Its structure is roughly half ferrite and half austenite,
which gives it about double the proof strength of 304 or 316 along with strong resistance to chloride
stress corrosion cracking. It is standardised in EN 10088-3 for bars and bright products and in
EN 10250-4 for open die forgings.

### What is the American equivalent of 1.4460?

There is no exact equivalent. The commonly published cross-reference is AISI 329 / UNS S32900, but
S32900 specifies no nitrogen requirement and allows nickel down to 2.0 %, against the 4.5 % minimum of
1.4460, so compliant 329 material can fall outside the EN band. By chemistry the closest UNS grade is
S31200 (ASTM A182 F50), with nitrogen at 0.14 to 0.20 % and nickel at 5.5 to 6.5 %, both inside the
1.4460 ranges. ISO 15510 agrees, assigning 1.4460 the designation 4460-312-00-I, where 312 refers to
Type 312 / S31200. S32950 (A182 F52) is a third partial match.

### What is the tensile strength and yield strength of 1.4460?

In the solution annealed condition for product up to 160 mm, EN 10088-3 requires a minimum 0.2 % proof
strength of 450 MPa (65 ksi) and a tensile strength of 620 to 880 MPa (90 to 128 ksi), with minimum
longitudinal elongation of 20 %, minimum longitudinal Charpy KV of 85 J and hardness not exceeding
260 HBW. Cold drawn bar is stronger: up to 10 mm diameter the minimum proof strength is 610 MPa with
tensile strength of 770 to 1030 MPa.

### Is 1.4460 magnetic?

Yes. Roughly half the structure is ferrite, which is ferromagnetic, so 1.4460 responds strongly to a
magnet. This is normal for every duplex stainless steel and is not a sign of contamination or of the
wrong grade. It does mean a magnet is not a valid way to verify the material at incoming inspection.
Use positive material identification or a full chemical analysis instead.

### What is the maximum service temperature of 1.4460?

About 250 °C for continuous service. The limit is not strength but 475 °C embrittlement: above roughly
250 to 300 °C the ferrite phase separates into chromium-rich and iron-rich regions, and the steel
loses impact toughness cumulatively over time while its room-temperature tensile figures look
unchanged. Published proof-strength data for the grade stops at 250 °C for this reason. Duplex grades
also lose toughness below about −50 °C, so they are not cryogenic materials either.

### What is the PREN of 1.4460?

Between 30.1 and 37.8, depending where the heat sits inside the composition limits. PREN is calculated
as %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N, so a heat at the minimum of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen gives 30.1
while one at the maximum gives 37.8. Both are fully compliant 1.4460. Since 34 is the usual threshold
for seawater service, a PREN minimum belongs on the purchase order for chloride applications,
supported by an ASTM G48 pitting test rather than by the calculation alone.

### What heat treatment is applied to 1.4460 forgings?

Solution annealing at 1020 to 1100 °C followed by rapid cooling in water or forced air. Hot forming
runs from 1200 °C down to a finish temperature of about 950 °C. The grade cannot be hardened by heat
treatment; its strength comes from the duplex structure and from cold work. Stress relief at
intermediate temperature is not used, because holding in the 600 to 1000 °C range precipitates sigma
phase. Where stress relief is needed, a full solution anneal and quench is the correct treatment.

### Why does the quench matter so much on heavy 1.4460 sections?

Because sigma and chi phases form between about 600 and 1000 °C, and the quench has to carry the part
through that band quickly at the core, not just at the surface. On a 40 mm bar this is
straightforward. On a 300 mm section, a thick ring or a large disc, the centre cools far more slowly
and sigma can form there while the surface tests perfectly. Transfer time from furnace to quench tank,
water volume and agitation, and how the part is loaded all decide the outcome. Sigma phase is
invisible to a tensile test and to a surface hardness check, which is why ASTM A923 exists.

### Can 1.4460 be welded?

Yes, with all common arc processes. Gas welding is not suitable. No preheat and no post-weld heat
treatment are required. Keep heat input low, hold interpass temperature to about 150 °C maximum, and
use an over-alloyed filler of the 25 Cr type or a nickel-based consumable. The reason is that the
heat-affected zone re-forms austenite from a fully ferritic structure on cooling, and needs time and
nitrogen to do so. Too fast a cool leaves the HAZ ferrite-rich, with lower toughness and pitting
resistance than the parent metal. For severe service, check the HAZ ferrite count to ASTM E562 or with
a calibrated Ferritescope, typically targeting 35 to 65 % ferrite.

### What is the difference between 1.4460 and 1.4462 (2205)?

1.4460 has higher chromium at 25.0 to 28.0 % against 21.0 to 23.0 %, but lower molybdenum at 1.30 to
2.00 % against 2.50 to 3.50 %, and lower nitrogen at a 0.05 % minimum against 0.10 %. Their PREN
ranges overlap almost exactly, so on paper the pitting resistance is comparable, but 1.4460 buys it
with chromium while 1.4462 buys it with molybdenum and nitrogen. The nitrogen-rich grade welds more
forgivingly and holds its phase balance better, which is why 1.4462 has taken over most new
chloride-service design. 1.4460 keeps its place in acid service and wherever an existing specification
calls for it by number.

### Is 1.4460 suitable for seawater?

It depends on the heat, which is an unusual answer but the correct one. Seawater service generally
requires PREN of 34 or above, and 1.4460 spans 30.1 to 37.8 across its composition limits. A heat near
the top of the chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen ranges qualifies; a heat near the bottom does not. If
the duty is seawater or another chloride-bearing medium, state a PREN minimum on the order and require
an ASTM G48 pitting test at a defined temperature. For demanding seawater work a super duplex grade
such as 1.4410 is the safer specification.

### How is 1.4460 machined?

Slowly and rigidly. Although hardness is capped at 260 HBW, the two-phase structure work-hardens
rapidly and thermal conductivity of 15 W/(m·K) keeps the cutting heat at the tool tip. Use positive
rake coated carbide or high-grade high-speed steel, rigid clamping and generous flood coolant, and
never allow the tool to dwell or rub. Take fewer, deeper passes rather than many light ones, so each
cut starts below the work-hardened layer left by the last. Asking for proof-machined material means
the first cut starts below the as-forged skin.

### What certificates are supplied with 1.4460 forgings?

EN 10204 3.1 material certificates as standard, covering heat number, chemical analysis, mechanical
test results and heat-treatment records. EN 10204 3.2 witnessed by a classification society or an
inspection body such as SGS or TÜV is available on request. Duplex-specific testing including
ASTM A923 phase balance, ferrite counting, ASTM G48 pitting and ASTM A262 or G28 intergranular
corrosion is placed with an accredited third-party laboratory and reported alongside the mill
certificate. The works holds CCS, BV, DNV, LR and NK classification society approvals.

### What is the minimum order quantity and lead time for 1.4460 forgings?

Minimum order is 10 kg with no minimum piece count, so a single small part is quotable and so is a
one-off large ring. Normal lead time is 20 to 60 days from order confirmation. Duplex grades sit
toward the middle of that range because the forging schedule allows for reheats and the solution
anneal and quench cycle cannot be rushed. Third-party witnessed inspection and outside corrosion
testing need scheduling, so flag both at enquiry stage to have them built into the quoted date rather
than added to it.

### Who supplies 1.4460 forgings?

Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd. is an integrated steel melting works and open-die forging factory at
No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province, China, operating since 1997.
It melts duplex grades in-house through the electric arc furnace, ladle furnace and vacuum oxygen
decarburisation route, so nitrogen is set at the furnace rather than inherited from purchased billet,
and forges 1.4460 into bars, seamless rolled rings to 6,000 mm outside diameter, flanges, discs, tube
sheets, valve parts and shafts to drawing. Contact +86 189 2135 9659 or sales@steelforgepieces.com.
Quotations within two working days.

## Standards referenced on this page

- EN 10088-1, Stainless steels, Part 1: List of stainless steels
- EN 10088-3:2014, Stainless steels, Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes
- EN 10250-4, Open die steel forgings for general engineering purposes, Part 4: Stainless steels
- EN 10204, Metallic products, types of inspection documents
- EN 10020, Definition and classification of grades of steel
- ISO 15510, Stainless steels, chemical composition
- ASTM A240/A240M, Chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel plate, sheet and strip for pressure vessels and for general applications
- ASTM A182/A182M, Forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged fittings, valves and parts for high-temperature service
- ASTM A923, Detecting detrimental intermetallic phase in duplex austenitic/ferritic stainless steels
- ASTM G48, Pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of stainless steels and related alloys by use of ferric chloride solution
- ASTM E562, Determining volume fraction by systematic manual point count

Page last reviewed 22 September 2026 by Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.

Values on this page are indicative and drawn from the standards listed above. They do not replace the
current edition of the applicable standard or design code. Confirm all design values against the
governing code for your project before use.

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**Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd.** (brand: Steel Forge Pieces)
No.1 Chengxiqiao Road, Zhouzhuang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province 214423, China
Phone: +86 189 2135 9659 · Email: sales@steelforgepieces.com
Web: https://www.steelforgepieces.com/

Published by Jiangyin Jiangnan Metal Co., Ltd., steelforgepieces.com. Technical content may be
quoted with attribution to the company.